CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 1 of 58 TI: Mist cooling of glasshouses. OT: Tagekoling af vaeksthuse. AU: Andersson-NE AD: Institut for Vaeksthuskulturer, Arslev, Denmark. SO: Gartner-Tidende. 1989, 105: 35, 855-857; 3 ref. PY: 1989 LA: Danish AB: Different methods of glasshouse climate control were compared for a range of summer-grown flowering and foliage pot plants. These crops comprised Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, pot roses, saintpaulias, Hedera helix, Ficus benjamina, Radermachera sinica, Exacum affine cultivars Best Blue and Best Rosa, and mother plants of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Data on growth (and flowering where appropriate) and the duration of the growing period are shown for individual species. Treatments involved misting, shading and ventilation in various combinations. DE: Climate-; Mists-; Cooling-; Roses-; pot-plants; production-; cultural-methods; ornamental-plants; protected-cultivation; microclimate-; shading-; ventilation-; humidity-; temperature-; greenhouses-; Environmental-control OD: Saintpaulia-; Hibiscus-rosa-sinensis; Hedera-helix; Ficus-benjamina; Exacum-affine; Kalanchoe-blossfeldiana; Rosa- ID: Radermachera-sinica BT: plants; Gesneriaceae; Scrophulariales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Hibiscus; Malvaceae; Malvales; Hedera; Araliaceae; Apiales; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Exacum; Gentianaceae; Gentianales; Kalanchoe; Crassulaceae; Rosales; Rosaceae CC: NN300; NN310 CD: Farm-and-Horticultural-Structures; Environmental-Control-in-Structures PT: Journal-article IS: 0106-8393 UD: 950316 AN: 910301768 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 2 of 58 TI: Forced air circulation with bench warming. No improvement observed in climate or cropping. OT: Geforceerde luchtbeweging bij tabletverwarming. Geen klimaat- of teeltverbetering te zien. AU: Vogelezang-J; Weel-P-van; Schijndel-C-van; Berg-JMv-d; Van-Weel-P; Van-Schijndel-C AD: Proefstation voor de Bloemisterij, Aalsmeer, Netherlands. SO: Vakblad-voor-de-Bloemisterij. 1990, 45: 38, 50-51; 2 pl. PY: 1990 LA: Dutch AB: A bench-warming system for pot plants, regulated via the greenhouse temperature to a maximum input of 50øC, and with or without forced-air circulation (20 m3/m2 hourly), was tested with crops of saintpaulias (40 plants/m2) and Ficus benjamina (21 plants/m2). Temperatures were recorded in the bench soil, the pots, surrounding air and the plants. The use of forced-air circulation did not result in quicker growth or improved plant quality. DE: pot-plants; production-; cultural-methods; Protected-cultivation; temperature-; ventilation-; Staging-; greenhouses-; heating-systems; ornamental-plants; ornamental-herbaceous-plants OD: Saintpaulia-; Ficus-benjamina BT: plants; ornamental-plants; Spermatophyta; Gesneriaceae; Scrophulariales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales CC: FF100; NN300; NN310 CD: Plant-Production; Farm-and-Horticultural-Structures; Environmental-Control-in-Structures PT: Journal-article IS: 0042-2223 UD: 950316 AN: 910301773 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 3 of 58 TI: Increasing growth in Ficus benjamina. Does it give better plants ? OT: Vaevsformering af Ficus benjamina. Giver det bedre planter ? AU: Kristiansen-K AD: Institut for Vaeksthuskulturer, Arslev, Denmark. SO: Gartner-Tidende. 1989, 105: 50, 1256-1257; 1 pl.; 1 ref. PY: 1989 LA: Danish AB: Plants of cv. Cleo and 9 numbered clones, either derived from conventional cuttings or raised in tissue culture, were used as stock material. Cuttings (10 cm long) were taken from each source and clone in week 44 of 1988; those from tissue cultured mother plants had 3 leaves, compared with 2 for controls. They were rooted in net pots and potted-up into 11-cm-diameter plastic pots, after which they were grown at a minimum 18øC until week 13 of 1989. Those derived from tissue-cultured stock were quicker to root and made larger plants with more sideshoots and foliage. There was some variation between clones, but clonal performance was much more uniform where the stock plants had been tissue-cultured. Cleo was one of the best clones. DE: Clones-; cuttings-; sources-; assessment-; In-vitro-culture; propagation-; responses-; pot-plants; cultivars-; Broadleaves-; Vegetative-propagation; shoot-cuttings; Tissue-culture; Ornamental-woody-plants; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; Ficus- GE: Denmark- BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; ornamental-plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Scandinavia; Northern-Europe; Europe CC: FF160; FF170; KK110; KK160 CD: Plant-Propagation; in-vitro-Culture-of-Plant-Material; Silviculture; Arboriculture PT: Journal-article IS: 0106-8393 UD: 950316 AN: 910301777 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 4 of 58 TI: Tissue propagation of Ficus benjamina. OT: Vaevsformering af Ficus benjamina. AU: Kristiansen-K AD: Laboratorium for Foraedling og Formering, Havebrugscentret, 5792 Arslev, Denmark. SO: Gartner-Tidende. 1990, 106: 48, 1304-1305; 3 pl. PY: 1990 LA: Danish AB: The F. benjamina cultivar Cleo, a clonal selection, showed more rapid rates of multiplication and growth when propagated by tissue culture than by cuttings. In a comparison of 10 clones, Cleo showed the highest and No. 14 the lowest multiplication potentials (94 000 000 and 137 000 shoots after 15 subcultures). DE: Tissue-culture; Cuttings-; in-vitro-culture; propagation-; micropropagation-; Broadleaves-; Vegetative-propagation; shoot-cuttings; Ornamental-woody-plants; Biotechnology-; Figs-; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; Ficus- GE: Denmark- BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; ornamental-plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Scandinavia; Northern-Europe; Europe CC: FF160; FF170; WW000; KK110; FF020; KK160 CD: Plant-Propagation; in-vitro-Culture-of-Plant-Material; Biotechnology; Silviculture; Plant-Breeding-and-Genetics; Arboriculture PT: Journal-article IS: 0106-8393 UD: 950316 AN: 910301781 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 5 of 58 TI: Triple tariff and plant growth. OT: Tripeltarif og plantevaekst. AU: Andersson-NE AD: Institut for Vaeksthuskulturer, Arslev, Denmark. SO: Gartner-Tidende. 1989, No. 48, 1207-1209; 2 pl.; 4 ref. PY: 1989 LA: Danish AB: In order to produce plants at low cost under artificial light, with a triple tariff on imports [of fuel?] to Denmark, it is necessary to use photoperiodic breaks. Pot plants of Dieffenbachia maculata cv. Camilla, Ficus benjamina, Hedera helix cv. Ester and Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Cordata were grown during winter with continuous or discontinuous artificial lighting, up to 6 different treatments being compared. These comprised lighting (1) from 03.00 to 21.00 h, (2) from sunset to 6 h before sunrise, (3) from 4 h after sunset to 2 h before sunrise, (4) from 21.00 to 06.30 h, (5) as for (4) but with increased light intensity, and (6) from 21.00 to 06.30 h from Monday at 21.00 to Friday at 06.30 with continuous light from Friday at 21.00 to Monday at 06.30 h. Details of light intensities for the different species are given. In treatments (1), (2) and (3) the photoperiod was a constant 18 h. The tabulated data include leaf numbers, shoot growth, plant height, FW, DW and dry matter content (varying with species) and plant responses are described. DE: Photoperiod-; pot-plants; production-; cultural-methods; foliage-plants; protected-cultivation; light-; light-intensity; ornamental-plants OD: Dieffenbachia-maculata; Ficus-benjamina; Hedera-helix; Nephrolepis-exaltata BT: plants; Dieffenbachia; Araceae; Arales; monocotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; Hedera; Araliaceae; Apiales; Nephrolepis; Oleandraceae; ferns; Pteridophyta CC: FF100 CD: Plant-Production PT: Journal-article IS: 0106-8393 UD: 950316 AN: 910301795 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 6 of 58 TI: Growth versus net photosynthesis in clones of Ficus benjamina. AU: Ottosen-CO AD: Department of Horticulture, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. SO: HortScience. 1990, 25: 8, 956-957; 14 ref. PY: 1990 LA: English AB: Leaf net photosynthetic rates (PN), measured on the 1st, 3rd and 5th fully expanded leaves, differed by up to 18% in 10 F. benjamina clones. Differences in stomatal conductance (Gs), internal CO2 concentration (CI), and transpiration (T) were observed in an experiment conducted 6 weeks after propagation from cuttings but not in a 2nd experiment conducted approximately 8 weeks after propagation. The uppermost leaves showed lower PN and higher T rates than lower leaves. Total leaf area, total fresh or dry leaf weight, and total biomass above soil differed among clones. The difference in above-ground dry weight between the fastest- and slowest-growing clones increased during growth, reaching 37% at the end of the 63rd day of the experiments. Photosynthetic measurements could not be correlated with growth; the fastest growing clone in one experiment had the highest, and that in the other experiment the lowest PN rate. DE: Stomatal-resistance; cultivars-; clones-; photosynthesis-; measurement-; transpiration-; Carbon-dioxide; composition-; Growth-; Broadleaves-; Plant-physiology; Vegetative-propagation; shoot-cuttings; Genetics-; genetic-variation; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; Ficus- RN: 124-38-9 BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales CC: FF020; FF040; FF060; FF062; FF160; KK100; KK110 CD: Plant-Breeding-and-Genetics; Plant-Composition; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry; Plant-Water-Relations; Plant-Propagation; Forestry-General; Silviculture PT: Journal-article IS: 0018-5345 UD: 950316 AN: 910300095 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 7 of 58 TI: Effects of fertilizer and irrigation rates on maintenance of Ficus benjamina and Ficus retusa 'Nitida' in an interior environment. AU: Conover-CA; Poole-RT AD: Central Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Apopka, FL 32703, USA. SO: Proceedings-of-the-Florida-State-Horticultural-Society. 1989, 102: 272-274; 7 ref. PY: 1989 LA: English AB: High quality F. benjamina and F. retusa cv. Nitida plants, approximately 70 and 55 cm tall, respectively, were placed in interior rooms. They received 0, 1.2, 2.4, 3.6 or 4.8 g of 20:8.8:16.6 (N:P:K) fertilizer/litre weekly and were irrigated at 2 rates to produce 0 or 50 ml leachate. Light levels were maintained at 125 foot candles for 12 h daily and the air temperature was 75ø-80øF. For F. benjamina, plant grade was better without fertilizer application whereas for F.retusa, it was better at the intermediate fertilizer rates. Leaching did not improve plant height, colour or grade. The nutritional status of the growing medium was monitored by measuring the electrical conductivity (EC) of a leachate obtained by adding 100 ml water to the medium the day after irrigation and fertilizer application. The EC was correlated with fertilizer rate. The limited effect on plant quality of the high EC readings obtained indicated that both species were very tolerant of high salt levels. DE: Pot-plants; soilless-culture; nutrition-; irrigation-; Nitrogen-; Phosphorus-; Potassium-; Salinity-; tolerance-; cultural-methods; interior-decoration; NPK-fertilizers; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-; Ficus-benjamina; Ficus-retusa ID: Florida-State-Horticultural-Society RN: 7727-37-9; 7723-14-0; 7440-09-7 BT: compound-fertilizers; fertilizers; plants; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Ficus CC: FF061; FF100; JJ700; FF000; FF900; JJ800 CD: Plant-Nutrition; Plant-Production; Fertilizers-and-other-Amendments; Plants-of-Economic-Importance-General; Environmental-Tolerance-of-Plants; Soil-Water-Management PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article IS: 0886-7283 UD: 950316 AN: 910301085 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 8 of 58 TI: Clonal variation in oxygen evolution in Ficus benjamina L. AU: Ottosen-CO; Rosenquist-E; Ogren-E AD: Department of Horticulture, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. SO: Photosynthetica. 1989, 23: 4, 537-542; 14 ref. PY: 1989 LA: English AB: The oxygen evolution rate of leaf discs (PN) in two clones (37, 62) of 6-month-old F. benjamina showed no differences with respect to leaf position on young plants. In the range of 18 to 26øC, clone 62 showed a prominent peak of PN at 22-26ø, while in clone 37, PN showed no response to temperature. The PN responses to irradiance (I) under different temperatures were uniform in clone 37, while in clone 62 a higher PN was found at 22-26ø. The photosynthetic efficiency (apparent quantum yield) was highest at 22ø; there were smaller differences between clones than between temperatures. The observed differences in PN were probably different responses of the clones under high I, which might reflect an acclimation of the clones to changes in I during growth. DE: photosynthesis-; temperature-; light-; light-intensity; Broadleaves-; Genetics-; genetic-variation; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales CC: FF020; FF060; KK100 CD: Plant-Breeding-and-Genetics; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry; Forestry-General PT: Journal-article IS: 0300-3604 UD: 950316 AN: 910301894 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 9 of 58 TI: Country report: Singapore. Ficus spp. on highrise buildings in Singapore. AU: Wee-YC AD: Department of Botany, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 0511, Singapore. SO: BIOTROP-Special-Publication. 1990, No. 38, 37-39; a symposium on weed management held in Bogor, Indonesia, 7-9 June 1989; 7 ref. PY: 1990 LA: English AB: An initial survey of 110 highrise public buildings in Hougang New Town, district 1953, revealed that 25% had an av. of 2.3 Ficus saplings growing from them. Commonly seen were 4-10 cm high specimens of F. microcarpa, F. benjamina and F. religiosa (on 16, 15 and 7% of the blocks, resp.). Most plants (13%) arose from cracks between the cemented ground and the base of the buildings, but some had become established in the walls and on ledges of higher levels. The long-term damage to these buildings and use of systemic herbicides to control the plants are discussed. DE: Weeds-; ecology-; colonizing-ability; habitats-; Broadleaves-; Weed-control; woody-weeds; control-; Urban-forestry OD: Ficus-benjamina; Ficus-religiosa; Ficus- GE: Singapore- ID: Symposium-on-weed-management; Ficus-microcarpe; Ficus-microcarpa BT: plants; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; woody-plants; weeds; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; South-East-Asia; Asia CC: FF500; HH000; KK160; KK110 CD: Weeds-and-Noxious-Plants; Pathogen,-Pest-and-Parasite-Management-General; Arboriculture; Silviculture PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article IS: 0125-975X UD: 950316 AN: 912306563 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 10 of 58 TI: Effects of transport condition on the quality of Ficus benjamina in summer. AU: Akinaga-T; Kohda-Y AD: College of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, 903-01 Japan. SO: Journal-of-the-Japanese-Society-of-Agricultural-Machinery. 1990, 52: 6, 67-72; 4 ref. PY: 1990 LA: Japanese LS: English AB: Subtropical pot plants grown in Okinawa, Japan, such as Hongkong kapoks, Dracaena and Ficus benjamina have mainly been transported at a normal temp. by trucks to mainland Japan. However, in summer deterioration due to high ambient temp. is observed. Refrigerated transportation of potted plants was introduced in order to maintain plant quality. DE: Pot-plants; transport-; containers-; refrigeration-; Ornamental-plants; refrigerated-transport OD: Dracaena-; Ficus-benjamina GE: Japan- ID: Benjamina BT: plants; Agavaceae; Liliales; monocotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; East-Asia; Asia CC: NN800; NN460; SS200 CD: Cooling-and-Refrigeration-Equipment; Cleaning,-Grading,-Transport-and-Handling-Equipment-Animal-and-Plant; Agricultural-Products-Plant PT: Journal-article IS: 0285-2543 UD: 950316 AN: 912448475 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 11 of 58 TI: Plant growth and development of Chrysanthemum and Ficus in aero-hydroponics: response to low dissolved oxygen concentrations. AU: Soffer-H; Burger-DW; Lieth-JH AD: Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA. SO: Scientia-Horticulturae. 1991, 45: 3-4, 287-294; 16 ref. PY: 1991 LA: English AB: The growth of chrysanthemum cv. Bright Golden Anne and Ficus benjamina plants in an aero-hydroponic system was reduced as the dissolved O2 concentration decreased to 2%; however, both species showed some adaptation to prolonged hypoxia in growth chamber experiments. Leaf number and plant height of Ficus plants grown in University of California (UC) mix (1:1:1 growing medium by volume of sand:peat moss:redwood sawdust) or in water with an O2 concentration of 2 mg/litre were lower than those in plants grown in O2-saturated water. Mathematical models were used to predict the time needed by Ficus plants growing in UC mix or aero-hydroponics to produce a given number of leaves. Ficus plants growing in O2-saturated water in aero-hydroponics produced leaves at the fastest rate. DE: Chrysanthemums-; soilless-culture; systems-; hydroponics-; nutrient-solutions; aeration-; growing-media; Sand-; utilization-; Peat-; Sawdust-; ornamental-plants; ornamental-herbaceous-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina ID: aeroponics BT: plants; ornamental-plants; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms CC: FF100; JJ900; FF000 CD: Plant-Production; Soil-Cultivation; Plants-of-Economic-Importance-General PT: Journal-article IS: 0304-4238 UD: 950316 AN: 910304284 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 12 of 58 TI: Cleo is constantly the best. OT: 'Cleo' er stadig den bedste. AU: Christensen-OV AD: Afdeling for Blomsterdyrkning, Statens Planteavlsforsog, 5792 Arslev, Denmark. SO: Gartner-Tidende. 1990, 106: 37, 1020-1021; 1 ref. PY: 1990 LA: Danish AB: The Ficus benjamina cultivar Cleo is a vigorous clone obtained during a 2-year selection programme in Denmark [see Gartner Tidende (1986) 102 (11), 348-349]. In a propagation study, small-flowered cuttings from tissue-cultured mother plants of Cleo made more rapid growth than large-leaved cuttings from large, old mother plants not raised in tissue culture. Three other tissue-cultured F. benjamina clones (No. 68 and a Dutch and an English selection) were not as vigorous as Cleo. Data on plant height and number of sideshoots for market-stage pot plants are tabulated for each clone and 3 propagation dates (4 Oct., 31 Oct. and 1 Dec.). DE: In-vitro-culture; Propagation-; cultivars-; assessment-; pot-plants; cuttings-; sources-; cultural-methods; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina GE: Denmark- BT: plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Scandinavia; Northern-Europe; Europe CC: FF160; FF170 CD: Plant-Propagation; in-vitro-Culture-of-Plant-Material PT: Journal-article IS: 0106-8393 UD: 950316 AN: 910304800 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 13 of 58 TI: Response of Ficus benjamina and Dracaena marginata to iron stress. AU: Lang-HJ; Rosenfield-CL; Reed-DW AD: Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. SO: Journal-of-the-American-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. 1990, 115: 4, 589-592; 16 ref. PY: 1990 LA: English AB: Rooted cuttings of F. benjamina and D. marginata were grown in modified Hoagland's nutrient solution containing either 0, 0.22 or 5.52 mg Fe3+/litre. For D. marginata, growth decreased and chlorosis increased as solution Fe concentration decreased. F. benjamina exhibited a high capacity for Fe3+ reduction, which increased as solution Fe concentration decreased, reaching a maximum below 0.06 mg Fe3+/litre. D. marginata exhibited a low capacity for Fe3+ reduction, which was slightly enhanced at solution concentrations of 0.1-0.15 mg Fe3+/litre. In both species, Fe3+ reduction occurred in the presence of roots with only minimal evidence of Fe3+ reduction in their absence, indicating that Fe3+ is reduced at the root surface and not by reductants released into the solution. As solution Fe concentration decreased, solution pH declined, particularly with F. benjamina. There was a poor correlation between leaf total and extractable Fe concentration and leaf chlorosis but a good correlation between total plant Fe content and chlorosis. DE: nutrition-; iron-; deficiency-; foliage-; composition-; plant-; absorption-; Broadleaves-; Plant-nutrition; Nutrient-deficiencies; chlorosis-; ornamental-plants OD: Dracaena-marginata; Ficus-benjamina RN: 7439-89-6 BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Dracaena; Agavaceae; Liliales; monocotyledons; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales CC: FF040; FF061; FF700; KK100 CD: Plant-Composition; Plant-Nutrition; Plant-Disorders-and-Injuries-Not-caused-directly-by-Organisms; Forestry-General PT: Journal-article IS: 0003-1062 UD: 950316 AN: 910398245 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 14 of 58 TI: Effect of root-zone and air temperature on growth, ornamental value and keepability of Ficus benjamina and Schefflera arboricola 'Compacta'. AU: Vogelezang-JVM AD: Research Station for Floriculture, 1431 AV Aalsmeer, Netherlands. SO: Scientia-Horticulturae. 1991, 46: 3-4, 301-313; 15 ref. PY: 1991 LA: English AB: Rooted leaf cuttings of F. benjamina and S. arboricola cv. Compacta in 13-cm plastic pots were grown on aluminium benches in a greenhouse with root-zone temperatures of ambient, 25ø or 30øC and air temperatures of 17ø, 18øor 20ø. Initially, the higher root-zone and air temperatures promoted growth rates but they had no or little effect at later stages of growth. Bench heating to give a root-zone temperature of 30ø and an air temperature among the plants of 23ø-24ø reduced the production period for both species by 2.5 weeks compared with maintaining ambient root-zone temperature (19ø); the ornamental value of the plants was generally retained under the higher temperature regime. It is suggested that a large part of the heating requirement for these crops can be supplied by bench heating systems as relatively high root-zone temperatures of up to 30ø can be used throughout the production cycle. Bench heating increased the accumulation of salts in the top 4-cm layer of the growing medium (25% perlite:75% white peat). Both species tolerated high EC levels in the top layer of growing medium, even when salts were rinsed back to the root-zone by overhead or ebb and flow watering undertaken after harvesting. High EC levels in the top layer of the growing medium had no effect on keepability. DE: pot-plants; production-; cultural-methods; protected-cultivation; temperature-; heating-systems; growing-media; Salinity-; responses-; Broadleaves-; Ornamental-woody-plants; Nurseries-; root-zone-temperature; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; Schefflera-arboricola; Ficus-; Schefflera- BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; ornamental-plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Schefflera; Araliaceae; Apiales CC: JJ900; KK110; FF160; JJ300; FF000; KK160 CD: Soil-Cultivation; Silviculture; Plant-Propagation; Soil-Physics; Plants-of-Economic-Importance-General; Arboriculture PT: Journal-article IS: 0304-4238 UD: 950316 AN: 910305520 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 15 of 58 TI: Post-propagation growth of cuttings from in vitro and in vivo propagated stock plants of Ficus benjamina. AU: Kristiansen-K AD: Danish Research Service for Plant and Soil Science, Department of Plant Breeding and Propagation, Research Centre for Horticulture, 5792 Arslev, Denmark. SO: Scientia-Horticulturae. 1991, 46: 3-4, 315-322; 1 pl.; 14 ref. PY: 1991 LA: English AB: Cuttings from micropropagated stock plants of F. benjamina rooted faster and had a higher rooting percentage (98-99%) than cuttings from traditionally propagated stock plants (91%). Rooted cuttings from micropropagated plants grew faster and produced more and longer lateral shoots compared with rooted cuttings from traditionally propagated stock plants. A range of clones was included in the experiment. The superior clone (Cleo) of a previous selection programme based on traditionally propagated stock plants also proved to be among the best when stock plants were micropropagated. The growth-promoting effect of micropropagation diminished significantly during the first 4 months after transplanting. DE: Tissue-culture; Micropropagation-; cuttings-; sources-; assessment-; in-vitro-culture; propagation-; cultivars-; clones-; Broadleaves-; Vegetative-propagation; shoot-cuttings; Ornamental-woody-plants; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; Ficus- BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; ornamental-plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales CC: FF160; FF170; FF020; FF060; KK110; KK160 CD: Plant-Propagation; in-vitro-Culture-of-Plant-Material; Plant-Breeding-and-Genetics; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry; Silviculture; Arboriculture PT: Journal-article IS: 0304-4238 UD: 950316 AN: 910305521 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 16 of 58 TI: The population dynamics of the oriental scale insect, Aonidiella orientalis (Newstead) and factors affecting its seasonal abundance. AU: Badawi-A; Al-Ahmed-AM AD: Plant Protection Department, College of Agriculture, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia. SO: Arab-Gulf-Journal-of-Scientific-Research. 1990, 8: 3, 81-89; 14 ref. PY: 1990 LA: English LS: Arabic AB: Four distinct peaks, representing 4 annual generations (2 winter and 2 spring) were observed in populations of the diaspidid Aonidiella orientalis on Ficus nitida [F. benjamina] in Saudi Arabia in 1987-88. Populations were lowest in summer, probably due to very high temperatures and arid conditions. Temperatures (maximum and mean) were negatively and significantly correlated with populations, relative humidity was slightly positively correlated, and rainfall had no apparent effect. As a general rule, the sides of trees exposed to the wind harboured fewer individuals than the opposite sides. DE: insect-pests; ornamental-woody-plants; environmental-factors; temperature-; ecology-; population-dynamics; fruits-; fruit-crops; biology-; agricultural-entomology OD: Hemiptera-; Diaspididae-; Aonidiella-orientalis; Ficus-benjamina; arthropods- GE: Saudi-Arabia BT: arthropod-pests; pests; animals; arthropods; invertebrates; insects; ornamental-plants; plants; Spermatophyta; Coccoidea; Sternorrhyncha; Homoptera; Hemiptera; Aonidiella; Diaspididae; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Middle-East; West-Asia; Asia CC: FF600 CD: Pests,-Pathogens-and-Biogenic-Diseases-of-Plants PT: Journal-article IS: 1015-4442 UD: 950316 AN: 911179577 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 17 of 58 TI: Soil as a factor influencing the mangrove forest communities in Talidendang Besar, Riau. AU: Kusmana-C AD: Department of Forest Management, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor, Indonesia. SO: BIOTROPIA. 1990-1991, No. 4, 9-18; 18 ref. PY: 1990 LA: English AB: The mangrove forest communities of Talidendang Besar, in the province of Riau (on the east coast of Sumatra), were studied by constructing a 10X900 m transect perpendicular to the sea edge; sample plots of 50X50 m were established in each community to study the vegetation structure and soil characteristics. Three communities were identified: one dominated by Bruguiera parviflora (with B. sexangula co-dominant) and stretching from the sea edge to 180 m inland; a second dominated by B. sexangula (with B. parviflora co-dominant) between 180 and 740 m inland; and a third dominated by B. sexangula (with Nypa fruticans co-dominant) between 740 and 900 m inland. Other important species in the third community were R. [Rhizophora] apiculata, B. parviflora and F. [Ficus] benjamina. Data tabulated on soil characteristics for each community indicate that important influencing factors were pH, electrical conductivity, percentage Na and K, organic C, total and NH4-N, and CEC. DE: Broadleaves-; Mangroves-; ecology-; mangrove-forests; Vegetation-types; Soil-chemistry; ion-exchange-capacity; soil-pH; nitrogen-; soil-organic-matter; sodium-; potassium-; Soil-physics; electrical-properties; synecology-; soil-; electrical-conductivity OD: Bruguiera-sexangula; Bruguiera-parviflora; Nypa-fruticans; Rhizophora-apiculata; Ficus-benjamina GE: Indonesia-; Sumatra- RN: 7727-37-9; 7440-23-5; 7440-09-7 BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Bruguiera; Rhizophoraceae; Rhizophorales; Nypa; Palmae; Arecales; monocotyledons; Rhizophora; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; South-East-Asia; Asia; Indonesia CC: KK100; ZZ331; JJ200; JJ300; PP720 CD: Forestry-General; Plant-Ecology; Soil-Chemistry-and-Mineralogy; Soil-Physics; Biological-Resources-Plant PT: Journal-article IS: 0216-5023 UD: 950316 AN: 910652947 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 18 of 58 TI: Brown foliage and leaf drop reduce ornamental value. Starlight also has a high light requirement after the culture period. OT: Bruin blad en bladval verminderen sierwaarde. 'Starlight' heeft ook na teelt veel licht nodig. AU: Mulderij-GE; Rozendal-Ouwerkerk-T AD: Proefstation voor de Bloemisterij, Aalsmeer, Netherlands. SO: Vakblad-voor-de-Bloemisterij. 1990, 45: 49, 58-59; 1 pl. PY: 1990 LA: Dutch AB: Ficus benjamina cv. Starlight is very susceptible to leaf browning and shedding, particularly during post-harvest transport of the potted plants. Studies showed that the incidence of these disorders was closely dependent on the duration of transport and the light intensity in the store room. The plants were placed in darkness in a temperature-controlled cell at 17øC and 70% RH (for simulated transport) for 0 (control), 7 or 14 days before transfer to a store at 20ø, 60% RH and 12-h days. The light intensity in this room was 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 or 6.0 W/m2. The incidence of leaf drop was greater at 1.5 W/m2 than at higher intensities. More leaf browning occurred after than before transfer to the store. Both disorders were more prevalent in plants stored for 14 days in darkness and then transferred to 6.0 W/m2 than in controls at 6.0 W/m2. However, both groups were less affected than controls which were held at an intensity of 1.5 W/m2. DE: Pot-plants; transport-; injuries-; Light-; light-intensity; systems-; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina ID: Disorders1light BT: plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta CC: FF000; NN460; SS200; FF060 CD: Plants-of-Economic-Importance-General; Cleaning,-Grading,-Transport-and-Handling-Equipment-Animal-and-Plant; Agricultural-Products-Plant; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry PT: Journal-article IS: 0042-2223 UD: 950316 AN: 910307625 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 19 of 58 TI: The influence of constant and diurnally changing CO2 concentrations on plant growth and development. AU: Anderson-NE AD: Department of Horticultural Engineering, Research Centre for Horticulture, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark. SO: Journal-of-Horticultural-Science. 1991, 66: 5, 569-574; 18 ref. PY: 1991 LA: English AB: Plants of Ficus benjamina and miniature rose (cv. Red Minimo) were grown under 4 CO2 treatments. Two had constant CO2 levels of 600 or 900 p.p.m. and the other 2 had diurnal changes in CO2 level, one increasing from 600 to 1500 p.p.m. and the other decreasing from 1500 to 600 p.p.m., each in 4 steps of 300 p.p.m. during the daytime. Supplementary lighting was supplied during the night to give a daylength of 18 h and CO2 levels of 900 p.p.m. were maintained during this period (except in the constant 600 p.p.m. CO2 treatment). These experiments were repeated over 2 seasons: 19 Oct. 1988-10 Jan. 1989 and 12 Jan.-28 Mar. 1989. Plant height and incremental growth in F. benjamina were greatest under constant 600 p.p.m. CO2 or with the increasing CO2 regime. For both growing seasons, plant DW/pot was lowest at a constant CO2 concentration of 900 p.p.m. With miniature roses, the number of flower buds/pot during both seasons, was greater under diurnally changing CO2 concentration or at a constant 600 p.p.m. CO2 than at a constant 900 p.p.m. Plants also took longer to flower at a constant 900 p.p.m. CO2. DE: protected-cultivation; carbon-dioxide; Roses-; responses-; Flowers-; development-; cultural-methods; Flowering-; Growth-; Photosynthesis-; ornamental-plants; ornamental-woody-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; Rosa- RN: 124-38-9 BT: plants; ornamental-plants; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Rosaceae; Rosales CC: FF060 CD: Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry PT: Journal-article IS: 0022-1589 UD: 950316 AN: 910308077 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 20 of 58 TI: Water and watering of small plants. OT: Wasser und Bewasserung bei Kleinpflanzen. AU: Bursy-M; Haas-HP; Rober-R AD: Institut fur Zierpflanzenbau, Fachhochschule, Versuchsanstalt Weihenstephan, 8050 Freising, Germany. SO: Deutscher-Gartenbau. 1990, 44: 48, 3047-3051; 2 ref. PY: 1990 LA: German AB: Unrooted cuttings of the Chrysanthemum indicum [Dendranthema indicum] hybrid Goldfinger were planted in Feb. in pots of diameter 5-9 cm with 1-3 cuttings each. They were watered from below or above with tap water, decationized water (Na exchange), decarbonated water (H3O exchange) and desalinated water (produced by ion exchange or reverse osmosis). In another experiment, Codiaeum variegatum, Ficus benjamina cultivars Foliola and Golden Princess and Portulacaria afra were grown in 'minsai' culture (miniature plants with a correspondingly small volume of substrate). In the chrysanthemum experiment, plant height was increased by watering from below compared with watering from above. In general, desalinated and decarbonated water led to a reduction in substrate salt content, and reduced pH by 0.6 units. However, the effect of water quality decreased as the volume of substrate per plant, and hence the buffering capacity, increased. Watering from below increased the salt content in the top half of the pot. Decarbonated water generally gave the best results. DE: Pot-plants; Chrysanthemums-; irrigation-; water-; composition-; ornamental-plants; ornamental-herbaceous-plants OD: Codiaeum-variegatum; Ficus-benjamina; Portulacaria-afra RN: 7732-18-5 BT: plants; ornamental-plants; Spermatophyta; Codiaeum; Euphorbiaceae; Euphorbiales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Portulacaria; Portulacaceae; Caryophyllales CC: FF100 CD: Plant-Production PT: Journal-article IS: 0341-2091 UD: 950316 AN: 910308120 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 21 of 58 TI: Dependency of iron reduction on development of a unique root morphology in Ficus benjamina L. AU: Rosenfield-CL; Reed-DW; Kent-MW AD: Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA. SO: Plant-Physiology. 1991, 95: 4, 1120-1124; 6 pl.; 19 ref. PY: 1991 LA: English AB: The activity of the Fe3+ reductase of excised adventitious roots of F. benjamina, grown in hydroponic culture without Fe, was determined by a colorimetric assay simplified by the use of a microplate reader. Reductase activity remained the same from pH 4.5 to 6.5 and decreased sharply above pH 6.5. Acetate buffer inhibited reduction. During the early stages of root growth, excised roots did not exhibit Fe3+ reductase activity. After several weeks and extensive root system development, Fe3+ reduction still was not detectable in primary roots, but intermediate and high rates of reduction occurred in lateral and newly formed root clusters, respectively. Clustered roots only developed on plants grown at 0 or very low (<1 æM) Fe concentrations. Microscopic examination revealed the root cluster to be composed of up to 30 lateral roots, usually <1 mm in diameter and <1 cm in length, that were completely covered with root hairs. DE: Enzyme-activity; growth-; roots-; development-; biochemistry-; nutrition-; iron-; morphology-; Metabolism-; Enzymes-; oxidoreductases-; Broadleaves-; root-systems; plant-physiology; Plant-nutrition; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; plants-; Ficus- RN: 7439-89-6 BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales CC: FF030; FF060; FF061; KK100 CD: Plant-Morphology-and-Structure; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry; Plant-Nutrition; Forestry-General PT: Journal-article IS: 0032-0889 UD: 950316 AN: 910308445 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 22 of 58 TI: The small effect of relative humidity on ornamental plants. OT: Liten effekt av luftfuktihet pa dekorasjonsplanter. AU: Mortensen-LM; Gislerod-HR; Bratberg-I AD: Institutt for Hagebruk, Norges Landbrukshogskole, 1432 As, Norway. SO: Gartneryrket. 1988, 78: 23, 688. PY: 1988 LA: Norwegian AB: At RH levels between 60 and 85% most foliage plants grow equally well, but straggly growth can occur in some species at high RH, and care is needed in feeding. Artificial light favours all but a few species. From Dec. 1987 to Mar. 1988, trials were made on 22 species at 60 and 80% RH and a constant temperature of 24øC, either in natural light or with supplementary lighting of 4000 lx for 20 h/day. Data and the effects of these treatments on plant DW are tabulated. Only Monstera sp., Nephrolepis cordifolia and Radermachera sinica showed increased DW at high RH, and only Chlorophytum sp., Epipremnum aureum [E. pinnatum], Radermachera and Syngonium sp. showed straggly growth. The higher RH also caused paler leaf colour in Cissus rhombifolia, Chlorophytum, Dieffenbachia sp., Dracaena fragrans, Fatsia japonica, Ficus benjamina, F. pumila, Monstera sp. and Philodendron scandens. Artificial light greatly increased growth in all subjects except Epipremnum, Maranta and Philodendron. DE: cultural-methods; pot-plants; Light-; artificial-light; foliage-plants; supplementary-light; Humidity-; responses-; Protected-cultivation; Leaves-; colour-; Plant-; development-; ornamental-plants OD: Monstera-; Nephrolepis-cordifolia; Chlorophytum-; Epipremnum-pinnatum; Syngonium-; Cissus-rhombifolia; Dieffenbachia-; Dracaena-fragrans; Fatsia-japonica; Ficus-benjamina; Ficus-pumila; Philodendron-scandens; Maranta- GE: Norway- ID: Radermachera-sinica BT: plants; Araceae; Arales; monocotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Nephrolepis; Oleandraceae; ferns; Pteridophyta; Liliaceae; Liliales; Epipremnum; Cissus; Vitidaceae; Rhamnales; dicotyledons; Dracaena; Agavaceae; Fatsia; Araliaceae; Apiales; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Philodendron; Marantaceae; Zingiberales; Scandinavia; Northern-Europe; Europe CC: FF100 CD: Plant-Production PT: Journal-article IS: 0046-5437 UD: 950316 AN: 900394178 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 23 of 58 TI: High temperature for Ficus is good economics. OT: Hoy temperatur til Ficus er god okonomi. AU: Romstad-K AD: Institutt for Hagebruk, Norges Landbrukshogskole, 1432 As, Norway. SO: Gartneryrket. 1989, 79: 1, 11-12; 3 pl. PY: 1989 LA: Norwegian AB: In spring and summer 1988, Ficus benjamina, F. lyrata, F. buxifolia, F. pumila and F. elastica plants were grown for 45-50 days at 21, 24, 27, 30 and 33øC, at constant temperature throughout 24 h. All plants were shaded (80% of natural light), with F. benjamina also receiving 60% and 100% of natural light. The optimum temperatures with F. pumila and F. lyrata were 27ø for maximum dry matter production and 30ø for shoot length. Leaf size diminished and leaf number increased as the temperature rose to 33ø, at which temperature plant height was much reduced in F. lyrata. The optimum temperature for F. buxifolia, F. elastica and F. benjamina was 30ø, although the optimum was marginally higher for F. buxifolia at lower light levels. At high temperatures, the light intensity became a limiting factor but this could be overcome during short days with artificial lighting. Of the 5 species, F. benjamina and F. elastica responded best to 33ø. At the higher temperatures, however, all species had smaller leaves and greater leaf height:width ratios. Data are tabulated on the optimum temperature for each species and the growing time saved in days/month when the temperature was raised from 21ø to 27ø, or from 21ø to 30ø; the latter increase was only likely to be economic with F. lyrata and F. elastica. DE: cultural-methods; pot-plants; Protected-cultivation; temperature-; light-; shading-; economics-; Leaves-; development-; Plant-; growth-; artificial-light; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-; Ficus-benjamina; Ficus-lyrata; Ficus-pumila; Ficus-elastica ID: Ficus-buxifolia BT: plants; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Ficus CC: FF000; EE100 CD: Plants-of-Economic-Importance-General; Economics-General PT: Journal-article IS: 0046-5437 UD: 950316 AN: 900394186 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 24 of 58 TI: The reaction of pot plants to levelling out of energy consumption in greenhouses. OT: Potteplanters reaktion pa udjaevning af energiforbruget i vaeksthuse. AU: Jacobsen-LH; Amsen-MG AD: Sektion for Gartneriteknik, Institut for Vaeksthuskulturer, Arslev, Denmark. SO: Gartner-Tidende. 1988, 104: 49, 1314-1315; 1 pl.; 1 ref. PY: 1988 LA: Danish AB: To avoid some of the difficulties of even heating of large areas of glass from a district heating source, experiments were carried out from Nov. 1987 to Feb. 1988 and from Feb. to Apr. 1988, with 5 pot plant species. Kalanchoe blossfeldiana cv. Pollux, Dendranthema grandiflora cv. Garland, Ficus benjamina cv. Cleo, Begonia (Elatior type) cv. Schwabenland and Hedera helix cv. Susanne were grown in 2 greenhouses with different management regimes: (1) 14ø/22øC day/night minimum air temperatures with an extended ventilation opening time of 140 minutes; (2) constant 18ø with a normal ventilation opening time of 4 minutes. Treatments with and without growth retardants were also included for plants of Dendranthema and Kalanchoe. The results showed that a climate-controlled programme based on day/night temperatures of 14ø/22ø, combined with a "working-time pause" relayed on the motorized ventilation system so that it took 140 minutes rather than 4 minutes for the ventilator to open, is enough to avoid the morning and evening peaks of energy demand. Dendranthema, Kalanchoe, Begonia, Hedera and Ficus plants can be produced in this manner without affecting quality but the first 2 crops require retardants such as daminozide to ensure compact growth. Production time was increased for Dendranthema and Hedera but shortened for Kalanchoe, with no significant effect on Ficus and Begonia. Reduction in energy consumption with this new programme means that savings can be used to increase the amount of glass served by district heating, or for reducing the heat demand for houses heated individually. DE: cultural-methods; pot-plants; chrysanthemums-; Protected-cultivation; temperature-; ornamental-plants; ventilation-; energy-conservation; heating-systems; dwarfing-; growth-regulators; Greenhouses-; automatic-control; Energy-consumption; Control-; plant-growth-regulators OD: Kalanchoe-blossfeldiana; Ficus-benjamina; Begonia-; Hedera-helix GE: Denmark- BT: plants; Kalanchoe; Crassulaceae; Rosales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Begoniaceae; Violales; Hedera; Araliaceae; Apiales; Scandinavia; Northern-Europe; Europe CC: NN300; PP100; HH000; NN310 CD: Farm-and-Horticultural-Structures; Energy; Pathogen,-Pest-and-Parasite-Management-General; Environmental-Control-in-Structures PT: Journal-article IS: 0106-8393 UD: 950316 AN: 900394201 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 25 of 58 TI: Weed species growing at Mount Sipiso-piso, North Sumatra. OT: Jenis-jenis gulma di Gunung Sipiso-piso Sumatera Utara. AU: Supriana-N; Purba-P AD: Forestry Research Institute, Pematang Siantar, North Sumatra, Indonesia. SO: Buletin-Penelitian-Kehutanan. 1987, 3: 2, 9-23; 3 ref. PY: 1987 LA: Indonesian LS: English AB: Mount Sipiso-piso is forest land adjacent to the Toba lake. During the last two decades it has had recurrent annual forest fires. Reforestation efforts have been carried out frequently but have always failed. The forest land was previously covered with natural broadleaved forest with many tree species, but because of the recurrent fires, is now covered with many weed species. An inventory of weeds showed that there are about 40 species of which Imperata cylindrica, Eupatorium pallescens, Andropogon sp., Dryopteris cuculata and Gynura procumbens are dominant. Separate data are tabulated on weed species and frequency found in plantations of Leucaena leucocephala, Cassia siamea, Ficus benyamina [F. benjamina], Acacia auriculiformis, A. mangium, Calliandra calothyrsus, Macadamia hildebrandii, Albizia lebbeck [A. lebbek], Lagestromia [Lagerstroemia] speciosa and Hymanea courbaryl [Hymenaea courbaril]. [With English tables.] DE: Forest-fires; ecology-; weeds-; plantations-; surveys-; forests- OD: Leucaena-leucocephala; Cassia-siamea; Acacia-auriculiformis; Calliandra-calothyrsus; Macadamia-hildebrandii; Ficus-benjamina; Acacia-mangium; Albizia-lebbek; Lagerstroemia-speciosa; Hymenaea-courbaril; Andropogon-; Gynura-procumbens; Imperata-cylindrica GE: Indonesia- ID: Eupatorium-pallescens; Dryopteris-cuculata BT: plants; Leucaena; Leguminosae; Fabales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Cassia; Acacia; Calliandra; Macadamia; Proteaceae; Proteales; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Albizia; Lagerstroemia; Lythraceae; Myrtales; Hymenaea; Gramineae; Cyperales; monocotyledons; Gynura; Compositae; Asterales; Imperata; South-East-Asia; Asia CC: PP800; KK130; FF500; KK110 CD: Natural-Phenomena; Forest-Fire-Management; Weeds-and-Noxious-Plants; Silviculture PT: Journal-article IS: 0215-0190 UD: 950316 AN: 900638878 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 26 of 58 TI: Optimum nutrition of Ficus benjamina. OT: Optimale voeding bij Ficus benjamina. AU: Beel-E; Schelstraete-A AD: Proefstation voor de Tuinbouw-B.V.O., 9120 Destelbergen, Belgium. SO: Verbondsnieuws-voor-de-Belgische-Sierteelt. 1989, 33: 12, 595-597. PY: 1989 LA: Dutch AB: In 2 trials, potted plants were grown in ebb-and-flow channels 45 cm wide, nutrient solution being pumped from a 250-litre reservoir. In the first trial, plants 14 cm tall with about 16 leaves were grown from 27 Jan. to 3 June in 12.7-cm-diameter pots containing a peat substrate. Three EC levels (0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mS/cm) in the nutrient solution were compared, using a N:P2O5:K2O:MgO ratio of 15:11:15:1. The rise in salts concentration in the pot substrate and that of the N and K2O concentrations were clearly linear. Little difference between treatments with regard to the substrate rise in EC was observed during the first month but thereafter it was clear that the optimum dosage in the nutrient solution lay between 0.6 and 1.2 mS. Plant height was little influenced by the EC levels. In the second trial (from 2 July to 19 Oct.) the plants were about 20.3 cm tall with 20 leaves and were grown in a mixture of peat types. The nutrient solution EC levels of 0.6, 1.2 and 1.8 mS/cm were achieved by applying 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 g fertilizer/litre of water, respectively. Plain water was supplied to the plants for 5 minutes before and 25 minutes after the nutrients. Changes in pH, salinity and contents of major elements in the substrate are tabulated. The average number of side shoots/plant was significantly higher (21.20) with the lowest solution EC; it was 20.07 and 18.93 at an EC of 1.2 and 1.8 mS, respectively. Again, plant height was little affected. The optimum solution EC for this crop, grown in the summer months with high light intensity, was 0.6 mS; the salinity of the substrate was very low (300-600 mg of salts/litre). DE: Nitrogen-; Phosphorus-; Potassium-; Magnesium-; soilless-culture; nutrient-solutions; salinity-; cultural-methods; pot-plants; Protected-cultivation; Peat-; utilization-; growing-media; responses-; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina RN: 7727-37-9; 7723-14-0; 7440-09-7; 7439-95-4 BT: plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta CC: JJ900; FF100 CD: Soil-Cultivation; Plant-Production PT: Journal-article IS: 0771-3851 UD: 950316 AN: 900358510 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 27 of 58 TI: The effect of different shading levels and fertilizer regimes on the development of Ficus [benjamina] cv. Starlight. AU: Chen-Y; Geller-N; Amar-S SO: Hassadeh. 1988, 68: 5, 924-927; 6 ref. PY: 1988 LA: Hebrew DE: cultural-methods; pot-plants; Shade-; responses-; fertilizers-; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina GE: Israel- BT: plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Middle-East; Mediterranean-Countries; West-Asia; Asia CC: JJ700 CD: Fertilizers-and-other-Amendments PT: Journal-article IS: 0017-8314 UD: 950316 AN: 900358843 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 28 of 58 TI: Growth and acclimatization of Ficus benjamina cv. Starlight pot plants for export. AU: Steinitz-B; Ackerman-A; Goldberg-Z SO: Hassadeh. 1988, 68: 8, 1554. PY: 1988 LA: Hebrew DE: cultural-methods; pot-plants; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina GE: Israel- BT: plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Middle-East; Mediterranean-Countries; West-Asia; Asia CC: FF000 CD: Plants-of-Economic-Importance-General PT: Journal-article IS: 0017-8314 UD: 950316 AN: 900358855 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 29 of 58 TI: Are temperature fluctuations tolerable? OT: Temperaturschwankungen tolerierbar? AU: Hendriks-L AD: Lehr- und Versuchsanstalt fur Gartenbau, Ahlem, 3000 Hannover 91, German Federal Republic. SO: Gb-+-Gw,-Gartnerborse-und-Gartenwelt. 1988, 88: 37, 1578-1579; 4 ref. PY: 1988 LA: German AB: Various plants were grown for 8 weeks either at a constant 20øC or at an alternating 24/16ø, with a switch in temperature every 2 h. In pot roses, the fluctuating temperature advanced flowering by 3-4 days, but growth was unaffected. Saintpaulias showed no response to temperature regime. In chrysanthemums, poinsettias, Ficus benjamina and Elatior begonias, the constant temperature produced larger plants with more leaves. It is concluded from these and other results that while constant temperatures tend to produce larger plants, frequent fluctuations in temperature may sometimes accelerate flowering. It is thought that the effects of large temperature fluctuations on growth may be related to changes in humidity. DE: Roses-; protected-cultivation; temperature-; Chrysanthemums-; Poinsettias-; ornamental-plants; ornamental-woody-plants; ornamental-herbaceous-plants; ornamental-bulbs OD: Saintpaulia-; Ficus-benjamina; Begonia-; Rosa-; Euphorbia-pulcherrima BT: plants; ornamental-plants; Spermatophyta; Gesneriaceae; Scrophulariales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Begoniaceae; Violales; Rosaceae; Rosales; Euphorbia; Euphorbiaceae; Euphorbiales CC: FF100 CD: Plant-Production PT: Journal-article UD: 950316 AN: 900394554 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 30 of 58 TI: Assimilation lighting of foliage plants. OT: Assimilationsbelichtung von Grunpflanzen. AU: Hendriks-L; Ludolph-D AD: Land und Versuchsanstalt fur Gartenbau, Hannover-Ahlem, 3000 Hannover 91, German Federal Republic. SO: Gb-+-Gw,-Gartnerborse-und-Gartenwelt. 1988, 88: 37, 1582-1585; 3 pl.; 6 ref. PY: 1988 LA: German AB: Five species of foliage plants were given supplementary illumination at different intensities and for different periods (40-120 klx.h/day) between Dec. 1987 and Mar. 1988. Dieffenbachia maculata and Ficus benjamina were most responsive, with an increase in plant size, branching and leaf number. It is recommended that D. maculata should be given 40-60 klx.h per day, while F. benjamina will benefit from 60-80 klx.h per day. For plants with a low light requirement (D. maculata) a low light intensity, such as 3 klx, over a long period was better than a high intensity over a short period. Better results were obtained when the extra lighting was given during the day than when it interrupted the night to give 2 dark phases. Adiantum produced poorer growth when 6-h supplementary light (6 klx) was given during the day, but there was some improvement in growth when the light was provided at 0400-1000 h. An intensity of 6 klx or more caused chlorosis and leaf fall in Schefflera arboricola and leaf margin necrosis in Maranta leuconeura. DE: protected-cultivation; light-; foliage-plants; supplementary-light; cultural-methods; pot-plants; ornamental-plants; ornamental-woody-plants OD: Dieffenbachia-maculata; Ficus-benjamina; Adiantum-; Schefflera-arboricola; Maranta-leuconeura BT: plants; ornamental-plants; Spermatophyta; Dieffenbachia; Araceae; Arales; monocotyledons; angiosperms; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; Adiantaceae; ferns; Pteridophyta; Schefflera; Araliaceae; Apiales; Maranta; Marantaceae; Zingiberales CC: FF100 CD: Plant-Production PT: Journal-article UD: 950316 AN: 900394555 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 31 of 58 TI: Rooting cuttings in aero-hydroponics. AU: Soffer-H; Burger-DW AD: Department of Environmental Horticulture, University of California, Davis, CA, USA. SO: Flower-and-Nursery-Report-for-Commercial-Growers. 1989, Spring, 1-2; 1 fig. PY: 1989 LA: English AB: A combination of hydroponics and aeroponics, the Ein Gedi System (EGS), enables the rooting of cuttings in mist or in O2-saturated water and permits subsequent growth in deep, aerated nutrient solutions. The EGS mini-unit is described and illustrated; it consists of an 18-litre polycarbonate reservoir containing 4 plant holders, a motor and an impeller. It contains up to 10 litres of recirculating water. Rooting of terminal cuttings of Ficus benjamina and softwood cuttings of chrysanthemum cv. Bright Golden Anne was compared in conventional media (1:1 perlite + vermiculite or 1:1:1 sand + peat + redwood bark) and in EGS. Half of each batch was placed under mist and half was unmisted. With Ficus the % rooting, number of roots/cutting and total root length were greater in EGS (especially with mist) than in perlite + vermiculite; no cuttings rooted in the sand + peat + bark medium. With chrysanthemum, 100% rooting was obtained in EGS, with or without mist; the number of roots/cutting and total root length were also by far the best in EGS. Results with perlite + vermiculite were considerably better than with the sand + peat + bark medium. DE: cuttings-; soilless-culture; Chrysanthemums-; ornamental-plants; rooting-; mists-; systems-; hydroponics-; Perlite-; utilization-; growing-media; Vermiculite-; Sand-; Peat-; Bark-; aeration-; ornamental-herbaceous-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina ID: aeroponics RN: 1318-00-9 BT: plants; ornamental-plants; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms CC: JJ900; FF160; FF100; NN900 CD: Soil-Cultivation; Plant-Propagation; Plant-Production; Other-Equipment PT: Journal-article UD: 950316 AN: 900359074 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 32 of 58 TI: Effects of NAA, IBA and ethychlozate on rooting of Ficus benjamina and Ficus nitida stem cuttings. AU: Kwack-BH; Lee-DB; Lee-KM AD: Department of Horticulture, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea Republic. SO: Journal-of-the-Korean-Society-for-Horticultural-Science. 1989, 30: 3, 248-256; 2 pl.; 16 ref. PY: 1989 LA: Korean LS: English AB: Softwood cuttings of F. benjamina and F. nitida [F. benjamina] were dipped in 10-500 mg/litre NAA, IBA or ethychlozate for 0.5, 2 or 8 h. Treatments increased rooting, the most effective treatments being 200 mg NAA or IBA/litre or 10 mg ethychlozate/litre for 0.5 h. Number of roots produced and the percentage rooting were highest with NAA and lowest with ethychlozate. Protein and starch levels in cuttings increased at first and then decreased whereas the sugar level decreased throughout the rooting period. DE: Propagation-; Summer-cuttings; cuttings-; treatment-; growth-regulators; NAA-; responses-; IBA-; Proteins-; metabolism-; plant-physiology; Polysaccharides-; Sugars-; rooting-; biochemistry-; ornamental-plants; plant-growth-regulators OD: Ficus-benjamina ID: ethychlozate RN: 86-87-3; 133-32-4 BT: auxins; plant-growth-regulators; plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta CC: FF060; FF160 CD: Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry; Plant-Propagation PT: Journal-article IS: 0253-6498 UD: 950316 AN: 900394895 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 33 of 58 TI: The effect of lighting period and photon flux density on growth of six foliage plants. AU: Mortensen-LM; Grimstad-SO AD: Department of Horticulture, Agricultural University of Norway, PO Box 22, 1432 As-NLH, Norway. SO: Scientia-Horticulturae. 1990, 41: 4, 337-342; 7 ref. PY: 1990 LA: English AB: Plant DW in Dieffenbachia maculata, Ficus benjamina, F. elastica, Nephrolepis exaltata and Syngonium podophyllum pot plants was enhanced by increasing the lighting period from 16 to 20 h per day. A further increase of the lighting period to 24 h/day significantly increased the DW only in F. benjamina. A significant effect on the DW in Radermachera sinica was found by increasing the lighting period from 16 to 24 h/day. Increasing the photon flux density (PFD) from 60 to 120 æmol m-2 s-1 significantly increased the DW of the two Ficus species and S. podophyllum only. Applying the same number of hours with light during a 4-day period by means of different light/dark cycles (20/4, 40/8, 80/16 h light/dark) gave the same effect on plant DW in all species. DE: Photoperiod-; cultural-methods; pot-plants; Protected-cultivation; light-; foliage-plants; supplementary-light; light-intensity; Plant-; development-; Growth-; ornamental-plants OD: Dieffenbachia-maculata; Ficus-benjamina; Nephrolepis-exaltata; Syngonium-podophyllum; Ficus-elastica ID: Radermachera-sinica BT: plants; Dieffenbachia; Araceae; Arales; monocotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; Nephrolepis; Oleandraceae; ferns; Pteridophyta; Syngonium CC: FF060 CD: Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry PT: Journal-article IS: 0304-4238 UD: 950316 AN: 900395840 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 34 of 58 TI: Multivariate analysis of the vegetation of Kentin National Park. AU: Su-HJ; Su-CY AD: Department of Forestry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. SO: Quarterly-Journal-of-Chinese-Forestry. 1988, 21: 4, 17-32; 32 ref. PY: 1988 LA: Chinese LS: English AB: Seven main forest types were identified. The evergreen monsoon rain forest belt in the NE was represented by broadleaved types dominated by (a) Machilus kusanoi and Schefflera octophylla or (b) Castanopsis stellatospina and Schima superba kankoensis. Two evergreen forest types (Pouteria obovata/Gordonia axillaris and Ficus benjamina/Bischofia javanica) were found in the ecotone between the NE and SW forest belts. The semi-deciduous monsoon forest belt in the SW included Acacia confusa, Lindera akoensis/Cinnamomum reticulatum and Albizia procera/Kleinhovia hospita types. [With English captions and tables.] DE: Broadleaves-; Vegetation-types; broadleaved-evergreen-forests; tropics-; broadleaved-deciduous-forests OD: Schima-superba; Ficus-benjamina; Bischofia-javanica; Acacia-confusa; Albizia-procera; Kleinhovia-hospita GE: Taiwan- ID: Machilus-kusanoi; Schefflera-octophylla; Castanopsis-stellatospina; Pouteria-obovata; Gordonia-axillaris; Lindera-akoensis; Cinnamomum-reticulatum BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Schima; Theaceae; Theales; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Bischofia; Bischofiaceae; Euphorbiales; Acacia; Leguminosae; Fabales; Albizia; Kleinhovia; Sterculiaceae; Malvales; South-East-Asia; Asia CC: KK100; ZZ331 CD: Forestry-General; Plant-Ecology PT: Journal-article IS: 0578-1345 UD: 950316 AN: 900643524 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 35 of 58 TI: The influence of irrigation water temperature upon leaf abscision in Ficus benjamina and Dracaena marginata. AU: O'-Bryan-JA; Peterson-JC AD: Department of Horticulture, Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA. SO: OARDC-Special-Circular -Ohio-Agricultural-Research-and-Development-Center. 1990, No. 135, 30-33; 21 ref. PY: 1990 LA: English AB: Plants of the 2 foliage species were potted-up in a 2:1 mixture of sphagnum peat and coarse sand, in 25.4-cm-diameter containers. Each container was then placed in a 36-cm-diameter holder with a 5-cm-thick layer of Styrofoam as insulation. The compost surface was covered by a layer, 2.54 cm deep, of decorative hardwood mulch. The plants were grown for interior landscaping under a 12-h photoperiod at a light intensity of 25.8 æEs/m2 provided by cool white fluorescent lamps. Plants were irrigated weekly with water at 4 different temperatures (2, 10, 20 or 30øC); one litre of water containing 50 mg N (as Peters Tropical Foliage Special fertilizer, 24 N:18.3 P:19.2 K) was supplied at each irrigation. The overall aesthetic quality and the leaf quality were visually evaluated on days 0, 60, 132 and 180. Leaf area, shoot FW, plant DW and the number of abscised leaves were recorded. The data, although not statistically significant, indicated a trend in total leaf abscission. Plants irrigated with the cooler water tended to shed more leaves than those receiving warmer water. In F. benjamina, leaf abscission in the first week was increased by irrigating with water at 0ø. The pattern of leaf abscission in both species was cyclic; the reason for this is not yet clear. DE: Pot-plants; Peat-; Sand-; Soilless-culture; Abscission-; cultural-methods; interior-decoration; irrigation-; water-; temperature-; Leaves-; drop-; Plant-; quality-; fertigation-; Fertilizers-; application-; irrigation-water; NPK-fertilizers; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; Dracaena-marginata RN: 7732-18-5 BT: compound-fertilizers; fertilizers; plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Dracaena; Agavaceae; Liliales; monocotyledons CC: FF100; JJ800 CD: Plant-Production; Soil-Water-Management PT: Journal-article UD: 950316 AN: 900398447 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 36 of 58 TI: Decorative house plants are fed too little. OT: Dekorasjonsplanter gjodsles for lite. AU: Gislerod-HR; Mortensen-LM; Bratberg-I AD: Institutt for Hagebruk, Norway. SO: Gartneryrket. 1989, 79: 3, 16-17. PY: 1989 LA: Norwegian AB: Pot plants produced under 55% RH used twice the amount of water used by plants under 95% RH and consequently took up twice as much soluble nutrients. When supplied with a complete nutrient solution at low concentration (1 mS/cm), Begonia hiemalis cv. Schwabenland reached a relative height of 60% at both 60 and 85% RH (24øC, 4000 lx, 20-h photoperiod). At 2 and 4 mS/cm, however, plants at 90% RH reached 90% relative height whereas those at 60% RH reached only 55-65% relative height. The highest nutrient concentration (4 mS/cm) was optimal for Ficus and Dracaena but too low for Radermachera, Nephrolepis and Schefflera. Phosphorus was too low for Nephrolepis and Schefflera and potassium was too low for Schefflera. Levels of nutrients in cv. Schwabenland pots after watering for 10 weeks with solutions of 1, 2 and 4 mS/cm were 0.3, 1.9 and 6.0 mS/cm at 60% RH and 0.1, 0.3 and 2.1 at 90% RH. Schefflera arboricola, Nephrolepis [exaltata] cv. Bostoniensis and Radermachera cv. Danilla grew better at 85% RH than at 60% RH, but there was no effect on Dracaena fragrans or Ficus benjamina. High RH also improved colour in Schefflera. Changes are recommended in the concentration of nutrients with, in particular, more NO3-N, Mg and Cu, and a K:N ratio of 1.17 rather than 1.50, compared with current commercial practice. DE: cultural-methods; pot-plants; humidity-; responses-; Nitrogen-; nutrition-; Phosphorus-; Potassium-; Magnesium-; Copper-; ornamental-plants; ornamental-bulbs; ornamental-ferns; ornamental-bromeliads; ornamental-woody-plants OD: Begonia-hiemalis; Ficus-benjamina; Dracaena-fragrans; Nephrolepis-exaltata; Schefflera-arboricola GE: Norway-; Europe- ID: Radermachera RN: 7727-37-9; 7723-14-0; 7440-09-7; 7439-95-4; 7440-50-8 BT: plants; ornamental-plants; Spermatophyta; ferns; Pteridophyta; Bromeliaceae; Bromeliales; monocotyledons; angiosperms; Begonia; Begoniaceae; Violales; dicotyledons; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Dracaena; Agavaceae; Liliales; Nephrolepis; Oleandraceae; Schefflera; Araliaceae; Apiales; Scandinavia; Northern-Europe; Europe CC: FF100; FF061 CD: Plant-Production; Plant-Nutrition PT: Journal-article IS: 0046-5437 UD: 950316 AN: 900398508 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 37 of 58 TI: Evaluation of selected ornamental figs for interior use. AU: Henley-RW; Poole-RT AD: Central Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Apopka, FL 32703, USA. SO: Proceedings-of-the-Florida-State-Horticultural-Society. 1989, 102: 119-123; 5 ref. PY: 1989 LA: English AB: Data are presented on 24 commercially-grown Ficus species or cultivars with medium- or fine-textured leaves assembled in a shadehouse at Apopka for the evaluation of form, branching habit, bark colour, foliage texture and colour, ease of rooting, growth rate, staking and pruning requirements and tendency to produce fruit. Ficus benjamina cultivars Florida Spire, Jacqueline, Hartman's 1, Nuda, Spearmint and Wintergreen, F. maclellandii cv. Alli and F. nitida [F. benjamina] cv. Green Gem are identified as meriting more attention by Florida nurserymen. DE: Cultivars-; utilization-; interior-decoration; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-; Ficus-benjamina ID: Ficus-maclellandii; Florida-State-Horticultural-Society BT: plants; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Ficus CC: FF000 CD: Plants-of-Economic-Importance-General PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article IS: 0886-7283 UD: 950316 AN: 900397826 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 38 of 58 TI: Source material affects the longitudinal growth and branching of Ficus benjamina. OT: Uitgangsmateriaal heeft invloed op lengtegroei en vertakking Ficus benjamina. AU: Kromwijk-A; Mourik-N-van; Van-Mourik-N AD: Proefstation voor de Bloemisterij, Aalsmeer, Netherlands. SO: Vakblad-voor-de-Bloemisterij. 1990, 45: 22, 50-51; 1 pl. PY: 1990 LA: Dutch AB: In 2 trials with rooted cuttings from differently-raised stock plants of F. benjamina cv. Exotica, pot plants derived from stock which had been raised in tissue culture were shorter, produced more branches and were of better quality than those from standard stock (raised from cuttings). Stock plants which had been cut back several times to increase shoot production produced better source material than younger stock plants. DE: cuttings-; sources-; assessment-; cultural-methods; Plant-; development-; Tissue-culture; propagation-; responses-; Pot-plants; production-; in-vitro-culture; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina BT: plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta CC: FF160; FF170 CD: Plant-Propagation; in-vitro-Culture-of-Plant-Material PT: Journal-article IS: 0042-2223 UD: 950316 AN: 900399400 CAB Abstracts 1990-1991 39 of 58 TI: How do water level height and fertilizing affect plants grown in a hydroponic system? OT: Wie wirken Wasserstandshohe und Dungung auf Pflanzen in Hydrokultur? AU: Klinkan-H; Rober-R AD: Institut fur Zierpflanzenbau FH/VA, Weihenstephan, 8050 Freising, German Federal Republic. SO: Deutscher-Gartenbau. 1990, 44: 28, 1813-1817; 6 ref. PY: 1990 LA: German AB: Experiments were carried out with Dizygotheca elegantissima, Schefflera arboricola and Ficus benjamina grown in pots in an expanded clay medium standing in reservoirs of nutrient solutions. The effects of the fertilizers Flory 9 and Lewatit HD 5, the depth of nutrient solution (1.5-5.0 cm) and the container size were investigated. It is concluded that with the use of small containers (11/12 cm), the water level should be kept as constant as possible at 3 cm height. Fertilizing the plants with ion exchange fertilizers (Lewatit HD 5) and normal inorganic fertilizers (Flory 9) gave similar results with regard to growth and quality. DE: soilless-culture; systems-; hydroponics-; nutrient-solutions; depth-; ornamental-plants; nutrition- OD: Dizygotheca-elegantissima; Ficus-benjamina; Schefflera-arboricola GE: German-Federal-Republic; Germany- BT: plants; Dizygotheca; Araliaceae; Apiales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Schefflera; Western-Europe; Europe CC: FF100 CD: Plant-Production PT: Journal-article IS: 0341-2091 UD: 950316 AN: 900399955 CAB Abstracts 1992 40 of 58 TI: Oxygen evolution in clones of Ficus benjamina L. grown in different environmental conditions. AU: Ottosen-CO AD: Department of Floriculture, Research Centre for Horticulture, 5792 Arslev, Denmark. SO: Scientia-Horticulturae. 1991, 48: 3-4, 311-318; 16 ref. PY: 1991 LA: English AB: Two clones of F. benjamina known to differ in growth rate were grown at 18, 20, 24 or 30øC and at PPFDs of 70, 140 or 200 æmol m-2 s-1. Light response curves were measured at growth temperature and at lower and higher temperature conditions in order to estimate differences in clonal responses. Values of maximum rate of photosynthesis (Pmax), apparent quantum yield (phi), saturating PPFD (ls) and apparent quantum efficiency were used to evaluate the state of the photosynthetic apparatus. No clonal differences were found when plants were grown or measured at suboptimal temperatures (18ø), and only small differences were caused by different irradiances during growth. With higher cultivation temperature, clonal differences in Pmax became pronounced. Apparent quantum yield (phi) was lowest at 18ø, but increased with temperature. The results stress that observed differences in gas exchange after pretreatment form a complex pattern owing to basic differences in gas exchange and differences in temperature response. However, genetic differences in photosynthesis were most clearly expressed in Pmax, which may have significance for greenhouse climate control models. DE: photosynthesis-; light-; temperature-; plant-physiology; light-intensity; oxygen-; foliage-; Broadleaves-; Genetics-; genetic-variation; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina RN: 7782-44-7 BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales CC: FF020; FF060; ZZ380; KK100 CD: Plant-Breeding-and-Genetics; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry; Taxonomy-and-Evolution; Forestry-General PT: Journal-article IS: 0304-4238 UD: 950316 AN: 920310176 CAB Abstracts 1992 41 of 58 TI: Storing plant cultures in liquid paraffin. AU: Gillis-SA; Debergh-PC AD: Laboratorium voor Tuinbouwplantenteelt, Faculteit van de Landbouwwetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. SO: Mededelingen-van-de-Faculteit-Landbouwwetenschappen,-Rijksuniversiteit-Gent. 1989, 54: 4a, 1317-1318; Proceedings, Third Forum for Applied Biotechnology, 28 September, 1989; 1 ref. PY: 1989 LA: English AB: Stage II tissue-cultured material of the following species was submerged under autoclaved paraffin oil: Calathea veitchiana, Cordyline fruticosa cv. Prince Albert, Cynara scolymus, Ficus benjamina, Freesia refracta, Iris germanica, Magnolia soulangiana, Prunus avium, the rhododendron cultivar Albert Schweitzer and the rose cultivar Montse. The cultures were stored at 23øC; some were exposed to either high (85 æmol m-2 s-1) or low (35 æmol m-2 s-1) light intensity. The oil was applied either immediately after the cultures were placed on fresh stage II medium or after 1-4 weeks. The duration of satisfactory storage under high light intensity was greater than 10 months for Cordyline fruticosa and F. benjamina and 6 months for the rhododendron cultivar; other material stored well for 1-4 months, with the exception of Cynara scolymus. Rose cultures stored under low light intensity became softer but stayed green and resumed growth after 6 months of storage (in contrast to the 4 months observed with high light intensity). Cultures of P. avium survived best after storage under a high light intensity. Rapidly growing plants such as F. refracta and I. germanica needed to be covered with paraffin oil within 3 days after subculture, for complete protection. DE: in-vitro-culture; storage-; Roses-; Globe-artichokes; Ornamental-plants; Light-; light-intensity; cherries-; vegetables- OD: Cordyline-fruticosa; Ficus-benjamina; Iris-germanica; Magnolia-soulangiana; Prunus-avium; Rhododendron-; Compositae-; Rosa-; Cynara-scolymus; Prunus- ID: Forum-for-applied-biotechnology; Calathea-veitchiana; Freesia-refracta BT: plants; Cordyline; Agavaceae; Liliales; monocotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; Iris; Iridaceae; Magnolia; Magnoliaceae; Magnoliales; Prunus; Rosaceae; Rosales; Ericaceae; Ericales; Asterales; Cynara; Compositae CC: FF170 CD: in-vitro-Culture-of-Plant-Material PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article IS: 0368-9697 UD: 950316 AN: 920311635 CAB Abstracts 1992 42 of 58 TI: Effect of fertilizer rate on susceptibility of Ficus benjamina to Xanthomonas campestris pv. fici. AU: Chase-AR AD: University of Florida, IFAS Central Florida Research and Education Center - Apopka, 2807 Binion Rd., Apopka, FL 32703, USA. SO: Proceedings-of-the-Florida-State-Horticultural-Society. 1988, publ. 1989, 101: 339-340; 8 ref. PY: 1988 LA: English AB: F. benjamina plants were fertilized with 4-24 g/12.5-cm pot of a slow release 19:6:12 (N:P:K) fertilizer. The recommended rate for this plant is c. 4 g per 12.5-cm pot. Plant height, number of leaves and top grade were not affected over this range of fertilizer. Electrical conductivity of leachate ranged from 150 to 7000 æmhos/cm. Potassium, calcium and magnesium content of mature leaves decreased as the fertilizer level increased. Amounts of elements were unaffected. Plants were inoculated with X. campestris pv. fici 2 months after fertilizer application. Number of lesions decreased as fertilizer rate increased 4 and 8 weeks after application but was not observed at 12 weeks. This paper was presented at the 101st annual meeting of the Florida State Horticultural Society held in Miami, Florida, USA on 1-3 Nov., 1988. DE: fertilizers-; susceptibility-; activity-; NPK-fertilizers; Plant-diseases; plant-pathogenic-bacteria; plant-pathology OD: Ficus-benjamina; Xanthomonas-campestris; bacteria- ID: Florida-State-Horticultural-Society; Xanthomonas-campestris-pv-fici BT: compound-fertilizers; fertilizers; bacteria; prokaryotes; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Xanthomonas; Pseudomonadaceae; Gracilicutes CC: FF600; JJ700; FF000 CD: Pests,-Pathogens-and-Biogenic-Diseases-of-Plants; Fertilizers-and-other-Amendments; Plants-of-Economic-Importance-General PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article IS: 0886-7283 UD: 950316 AN: 922315602 CAB Abstracts 1992 43 of 58 TI: Controlling height of mature potted foliage plants with the growth retardants B-Nine, Cycocel, Sumagic and Bonzi. AU: Tjosvold-SA AD: University of California Cooperative Extension, Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties, California, USA. SO: Flower-and-Nursery-Report-for-Commercial-Growers -Cooperative-Extension,-University-of-California. 1991, Fall, 6. PY: 1991 LA: English AB: Plants of Pothos aureus [Epipremnum pinnatum], Adiantum raddianum, Ficus benjamina, Schefflera actinophylla and croton [Codiaeum sp.] cv. Goldfinger, at or near their saleable size, were sprayed on 14 Aug. with B-Nine SP [daminozide] at 2500, 5000 or 10 000 p.p.m., B-Nine SP + Cycocel [chlormequat] at 1000 p.p.m., Cycocel at 2000 p.p.m., Sumagic [uniconazole] at 10, 20 or 30 p.p.m., or Bonzi [paclobutrazol] at 60 p.p.m. Controls were untreated [water only]. Plants were held on a greenhouse bench and their height was determined at intervals of around 2 weeks until 30 Oct. Severe burning of A. raddianum foliage resulted from most treatments, Bonzi causing the least damage; such sprays are therefore not recommended for this species. New growth of croton was distorted by Sumagic, Bonzi and high rates of B-Nine. With P. aureus the higher rates of Bonzi and Sumagic caused distortion. No foliar injury to F. benjamina was observed with any treatment, but there was a noticeable lack of new growth in some plants treated with Bonzi or Sumagic. Plants of S. actinophylla were injured by B-Nine at 10 000 p.p.m. and Sumagic at 20 and 30 p.p.m. Croton plants were relatively slow-growing and treatment effects were not significant until mid-Oct., the higher rates of Sumagic giving most control of height. All retardants were effective with P. aureus and F. benjamina. Growth of S. actinophylla was most effectively controlled by B-Nine (2000 or 5000 p.p.m.), Cycocel (1000 p.p.m.) and Sumagic (10 p.p.m.). DE: growth-retardation; growth-regulators; foliage-plants; daminozide-; responses-; chlormequat-; uniconazole-; paclobutrazol-; plant-height; ornamental-plants; plant-growth-regulators; growth-retardants OD: Epipremnum-pinnatum; Adiantum-raddianum; Ficus-benjamina; Schefflera-actinophylla; Codiaeum- ID: Pothos-aureus; Adiantum-radianum RN: 1596-84-5; 7003-89-6; 999-81-5; 76738-62-0 BT: growth-retardants; plant-growth-regulators; plants; Epipremnum; Araceae; Arales; monocotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Adiantum; Adiantaceae; ferns; Pteridophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; Schefflera; Araliaceae; Apiales; Euphorbiaceae; Euphorbiales CC: FF100; FF060 CD: Plant-Production; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry PT: Journal-article UD: 950316 AN: 920313678 CAB Abstracts 1992 44 of 58 TI: Seed and wasp production in five fig species (Ficus, Moraceae). AU: Corlett-RT; Boudville-V; Seet-K AD: Department of Botany, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong. SO: Malayan-Nature-Journal. 1990, 44: 2, 97-102; 15 ref. PY: 1990 LA: English AB: The percentages of florets developing into seeds, agaonid fig wasps (Agaonidae), non-agaonid fig wasps (other Chalcidoidea), or hollow 'bladders', and remaining unpollinated were determined for samples of syconia from three dioecious fig species (F. fistulosa, a small tree; F. grossularioides, a shrub; and F. heteropleura, a scrambling shrub or epiphyte) and two monoecious species (F. microcarpa and F. benjamina, the commonest monoecious strangling figs on ornamental trees in Singapore) growing in Singapore. For most crops, between one quarter and one half the florets were apparently not pollinated. The percentage seed set was higher in all crops from 'female' plants of dioecious species than in monoecious species. More than one third of the ripe syconia from the monoecious F. microcarpa contained no seeds. Except for two crops from monoecious species, more agaonid wasps emerged than non-agaonids. DE: Broadleaves-; Insect-pests; damage-; Seeds-; pests-; seed-set; Pollination-; Beneficial-insects; Pollinators-; Fruits-; agricultural-entomology OD: Ficus-benjamina; Ficus-; insects-; Hymenoptera-; arthropods- GE: Singapore- ID: Chalcidoidea; Ficus-fistulosa; Ficus-grossularioides; Ficus-heteropleura; Ficus-microcarpa; Agaonidae BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; arthropod-pests; pests; animals; arthropods; invertebrates; insects; beneficial-arthropods; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; South-East-Asia; Asia CC: FF060; KK100; PP720; FF600; FF100; PP710 CD: Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry; Forestry-General; Biological-Resources-Plant; Pests,-Pathogens-and-Biogenic-Diseases-of-Plants; Plant-Production; Biological-Resources-Animal PT: Journal-article IS: 0025-1291 UD: 950316 AN: 920659720 CAB Abstracts 1992 45 of 58 TI: Micropropagation of Ficus benjamina clones. AU: Kristiansen-K AD: Research Centre for Horticulture, Department of Plant Breeding & Propagation, Kirstinebjergvej 10, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark. SO: Plant-Cell,-Tissue-and-Organ-Culture. 1992, 28: 1, 53-58; 12 ref. PY: 1992 LA: English AB: In vitro culture of eight F. benjamina clones was initiated from shoot tips four times from January to June 1988. Shoot formation and growth in vitro were followed during eight subsequent subcultures on MS medium with added NaFeEDTA, thiamin HCl, myoinositol, sucrose, Difco Bacto agar and 8.9 æM benzyladenine, whereafter the developed shoot clusters were rooted on the same medium without the growth regulator. Significant differences among clones in proliferation rate and time to emergence of first root in vitro were observed. The superior clone Cleo, previously selected for fast growth as a potted plant, also proved to have the highest proliferation rate and the shortest time until emergence of first root in vitro. The proliferation rate was nearly stabilized after five subcultures. A negative correlation between proliferation rate and time to emergence of first root in vitro was found. DE: Plant-growth-regulators; Biotechnology-; Ornamental-woody-plants; tissue-culture; regenerative-ability; Benzyladenine-; in-vitro-culture; propagation-; micropropagation-; responses-; cultivars-; Broadleaves-; explants-; Arboriculture-; cytokinins-; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; Ficus- ID: plant-genetic-resources RN: 1214-39-7 BT: ornamental-plants; plants; Spermatophyta; cytokinins; plant-growth-regulators; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales CC: FF020; FF170; WW000; KK160; PP720; FF060; FF100; FF160; KK110 CD: Plant-Breeding-and-Genetics; in-vitro-Culture-of-Plant-Material; Biotechnology; Arboriculture; Biological-Resources-Plant; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry; Plant-Production; Plant-Propagation; Silviculture PT: Journal-article IS: 0167-6857 UD: 950316 AN: 921628841 CAB Abstracts 1992 46 of 58 TI: Bacterial leaf spot of benjamina (Ficus benjamina) caused by Xanthomonas campestris. AU: Choi-SH; Choi-YS; Ryu-SJ; Lee-KH AD: Department of Plant Pathology, ASI, RDA, Suwon 440-707, Korea Republic. SO: Korean-Journal-of-Plant-Pathology. 1989, 5: 4, 383-385; 2 ref. PY: 1989 LA: English LS: Korean AB: A description is given of the symptoms caused by and bacterial characteristics of the str. of X. campestris first reported on this ornamental plant in vinyl house cultivations in the Korea Republic in 1988. DE: plant-pathogenic-bacteria; plant-pathology OD: Ficus-benjamina; Xanthomonas-campestris; bacteria- GE: Korea-Republic BT: bacteria; prokaryotes; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Xanthomonas; Pseudomonadaceae; Gracilicutes; East-Asia; Asia CC: FF600 CD: Pests,-Pathogens-and-Biogenic-Diseases-of-Plants PT: Journal-article IS: 0256-8608 UD: 950316 AN: 922319076 CAB Abstracts 1992 47 of 58 TI: Phytotoxicity trials on Ficus. OT: Fytotoxiciteitsproeven Ficus. AU: Heungens-A; Vissers-M; Buysse AD: Proeftuin voor Bloemisterij, 9070 Destelbergen, Belgium. SO: Verbondsnieuws-voor-de-Belgische-Sierteelt. 1991, 35: 16, 972-975. PY: 1991 LA: Dutch AB: Eight insecticides and acaricides were tested in Belgium for phytotoxicity to 3 cultivars of the ornamental woody plant Ficus. Damage was assessed on a 10-point scale, and the effects of treatment on growth were also assessed. The interaction between pesticide and cultivar was determined statistically. Double the normal concentrations of most of the pesticides caused leaf damage. In F. benjamina 'Golden King', propoxur caused great damage. F. benjamina 'Exotica' was especially susceptible to methamidophos, methomyl and propoxur. F. elastica 'Robusta' tolerated less well spraying with deltamethrin and methomyl, but propoxur and carbofuran caused the greatest damage. DE: ornamental-woody-plants; phytotoxicity-; pesticides-; effects-; insecticides-; acaricides-; propoxur-; methamidophos-; methomyl-; nontarget-effects; injuries-; Broadleaves-; carbofuran-; ornamental-plants; agricultural-entomology OD: Ficus-benjamina; Ficus-elastica; Ficus- GE: Belgium- ID: decamethrin RN: 114-26-1; 10265-92-6; 16752-77-5; 1563-66-2 BT: ornamental-plants; plants; Spermatophyta; pesticides; carbamate-insecticides; insecticides; carbamate-pesticides; phosphoramidothioate-insecticides; organophosphorus-insecticides; oxime-carbamate-insecticides; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Western-Europe; Europe CC: FF600; FF000; KK100; HH000; HH400; KK160 CD: Pests,-Pathogens-and-Biogenic-Diseases-of-Plants; Plants-of-Economic-Importance-General; Forestry-General; Pathogen,-Pest-and-Parasite-Management-General; Control-by-Chemicals-and-Drugs; Arboriculture PT: Journal-article IS: 0771-3851 UD: 950316 AN: 921175834 CAB Abstracts 1992 48 of 58 TI: Infection of five species of landscape ornamentals by root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). AU: McSorley-R; Dunn-RA AD: Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA. SO: Proceedings -Soil-and-Crop-Science-Society-of-Florida. 1990, No. 49, 227-230; 15 ref. PY: 1990 LA: English AB: Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the effects of Meloidogyne spp. on 5 species of perennial ornamentals used in the Florida landscape, as well as the ability of these hosts to support nematode reproduction. Nematode galling and reproduction, as well as fresh shoot and root weight, were determined for each plant at harvest (3-8 months after inoculation). Inoculation of Photinia fraseri and Ilex cornuta (cv. Burfordi) with Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita races 1 and 3, or M. javanica resulted in few galls and no recovery of eggs from root systems. Similar results were obtained on Dracaena marginata except with M. javanica, which produced a moderate level of galling and reproduced on this host. All 4 of the above Meloidogyne spp. caused severe galling on Fiscus benjamina and produced large numbers of eggs, but H. hapla did not. All 5 nematode populations (including M. hapla) caused galling and reproduced on Ajuga reptans. None of the 5 hosts tested exhibited reductions in shoot or root weight due to inoculation. Nevertheless, the ability of two of the plants tested (F. benjamina, A. reptans) to support large populations of root-knot nematodes without showing above-ground symptoms should be considered when planning landscaping for root-knot infested sites. DE: Plant-parasitic-nematodes; damage-; ornamental-plants; nematology-; plant-nematology OD: Photinia-fraseri; Meloidogyne-; Ilex-cornuta; Dracaena-marginata; Ficus-benjamina; Ajuga-reptans; Meloidogyne-incognita; Meloidogyne-arenaria; Meloidogyne-javanica; Meloidogyne-hapla GE: USA-; Florida-; North-America BT: Nematoda; invertebrates; animals; plants; Photinia; Rosaceae; Rosales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Meloidogynidae; Ilex; Aquifoliaceae; Celastrales; Dracaena; Agavaceae; Liliales; monocotyledons; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Ajuga; Labiatae; Lamiales; Meloidogyne; North-America; America; South-Atlantic-States-of-USA; Southern-States-of-USA; USA; Gulf-States-of-USA; Southeastern-States-of-USA CC: FF600 CD: Pests,-Pathogens-and-Biogenic-Diseases-of-Plants PT: Journal-article IS: 0096-4522 UD: 950316 AN: 922319996 CAB Abstracts 1992 49 of 58 TI: The occurrence of Ficus spp. on high-rise buildings in Singapore. AU: Wee-YC AD: Department of Botany, National University of Singapore, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore. SO: International-Biodeterioration-and-Biodegradation. 1992, 29: 1, 53-59; 12 ref. PY: 1992 LA: English AB: Examination of 1059 high-rise buildings in 20 townships in Singapore revealed the presence of the following 3 Ficus species: F. benjamina, F. religiosa and F. microcarpa. Most were growing around the base of the buildings, but some occurred on the walls and ledges of the 1st level, and a few were higher still. Older townships had more Ficus plants growing on the buildings than younger townships. The problems caused by these plants growing on buildings are discussed. DE: Woody-weeds; ecology-; buildings-; Broadleaves-; damage-; weeds- OD: Ficus-benjamina; Ficus-religiosa; Ficus- GE: Singapore- ID: Ficus-microcarpa BT: woody-plants; Spermatophyta; plants; weeds; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; South-East-Asia; Asia CC: FF500; KK100; PP720; HH000 CD: Weeds-and-Noxious-Plants; Forestry-General; Biological-Resources-Plant; Pathogen,-Pest-and-Parasite-Management-General PT: Journal-article UD: 950316 AN: 922320238 CAB Abstracts 1992 50 of 58 TI: Influence of growth regulators on branching and elongation of pot plants. AU: Sieminska-Michalak-E AD: Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland. SO: Acta-Horticulturae. 1989, No. 251, 341-343; Third symposium on growth regulators in ornamental horticulture, Skierniewice, Poland, 5-10 Sep. 1988; 4 ref. PY: 1989 LA: English AB: In trials in plastic tunnels and greenhouses, increasing GA3 rates (applied as a foliar spray) up to 400 p.p.m. increased shoot length in pot plants of Ficus benjamina and Codiaeum variegatum. Applying GA3 at 50 p.p.m. stimulated new axillary bud development in both species in tunnels and under greenhouse conditions. The number of new axillary buds increased as GA3 concentration was increased up to 200 p.p.m. DE: pot-plants; production-; cultural-methods; Growth-regulators; gibberellic-acid; responses-; branching-; ornamental-plants; plant-growth-regulators OD: Ficus-benjamina; Codiaeum-variegatum ID: Growth-regulators-in-ornamental-horticulture RN: 77-06-5 BT: gibberellins; plant-growth-regulators; plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Codiaeum; Euphorbiaceae; Euphorbiales CC: FF000; FF060; FF100 CD: Plants-of-Economic-Importance-General; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry; Plant-Production PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article IS: 0567-7572 IB: 90-6605-393-3 UD: 950316 AN: 920314957 CAB Abstracts 1992 51 of 58 TI: Agrotechniques for a closed greenhouse with a radiation filtering roof. AU: Zeroni-M; Gale-J; Kopel-R; Levi-S AD: Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boker Campus, 84990, Israel. SO: Proceedings of international symposium on applied technology of greenhouse, held in Beijing, China, 7-10 October 1991. 1991, 57-62; 8 ref. PB: Knowledge Publishing House; Beijing; China PY: 1991 LA: English AB: A closed greenhouse with a liquid (1.5-2.0% CuSO4) radiation filtering roof was developed and tested in a hot dry desert. The environmental conditions prevailing in this greenhouse are different from those encountered in the field or in conventional greenhouses. The optimum day temp. for growth of several ornamental plants and for roses was found to be 7-8øC higher than that recommended for conventional greenhouses. Initial results on the response to night temp. under these conditions are also presented. Tolerance of 'Sonia' rose plants to brackish irrigation water was greatly increased. This was associated with a decrease in blindness and an increase in branching. Ficus benjamina, Cycas revoluta and rose plant yields and market quality were 100-400% higher in the liquid radiation filter greenhouse than in the best conventional Israeli greenhouses, and the growth period from planting to selling was considerably shorter. DE: Filters-; solar-radiation; greenhouses-; liquids-; arid-zones; Environmental-control; Light-transmission; Radiation-; Roses-; protected-cultivation; light-; quality-; Arid-regions; ornamental-plants; ornamental-woody-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; Cycas-revoluta; Rosa- ID: International-symposium-on-applied-technology-of-greenhouse BT: plants; ornamental-plants; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Cycas; Cycadaceae; Cycadopsida; gymnosperms; Rosaceae; Rosales CC: NN300; NN310 CD: Farm-and-Horticultural-Structures; Environmental-Control-in-Structures PT: Conference-paper IB: 7-5015-0654-X/S.14 UD: 950316 AN: 922454291 CAB Abstracts 1992 52 of 58 TI: The response of pot plants to reduction of energy consumption peaks in greenhouses. AU: Jacobsen-LH; Adriansen-E; Amsen-MG; Nielsen-OF AD: Department of Horticultural Engineering, Institute of Glasshouse Crops, Research Centre for Horticulture, 5792 Arslev, Denmark. SO: Tidsskrift-for-Planteavl. 1989, 93: 1, 37-43; 8 ref. PY: 1989 LA: English LS: Danish AB: In areas of Denmark such as Odense where the heat for large numbers of glasshouse nurseries with identical heating strategies and control equipment is supplied by district sources, there is a simultaneous and very steep rise in energy consumption at dawn and at dusk. These peak demands cannot be met adequately by the power plants. An experiment was started with the aim of reducing such consumption peaks without adversely affecting plant quality. The environmental control was based on a traditional (analog) system. The results of the technical studies are presented separately [see Tidsskrift for Planteavl (1989) 93 (1), 27-36]; this paper reports the pot plant responses to cultural treatments. The chrysanthemum cultivar Garland, [Begonia hiemalis] cv. Schwabenland, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana cv. Pollux, Hedera helix cv. Susanne and Ficus benjamina cv. Cleo were grown by a system based on low day and high night air minimum temperatures (14ø/22øC) combined with a slow opening speed of the mixing valves (140 rather than 4 minutes from closed to open position). Controls were grown at a day/night temperature regime of 18ø/18ø. Details are also given of RH and shading. The results showed that all 5 crops could be grown successfully using the temperature control strategy; it was necessary to apply a growth retardant (daminozide) to chrysanthemum and kalanchoe plants to ensure good quality. Under these conditions the production time was reduced for kalanchoe, increased for chrysanthemum and ivy, and unchanged for the other 2 crops. DE: Chrysanthemums-; protected-cultivation; heating-systems; temperature-; Greenhouse-crops; Greenhouses-; energy-conservation; Daminozide-; quality-; growth-rate; ornamental-plants; plant-growth-regulators; growth-retardants; ornamental-woody-plants; ornamental-bulbs; ornamental-herbaceous-plants OD: Begonia-hiemalis; Kalanchoe-blossfeldiana; Hedera-helix; Ficus-benjamina; Dendranthema- GE: Denmark- RN: 1596-84-5 BT: growth-retardants; plant-growth-regulators; plants; ornamental-plants; Spermatophyta; Begonia; Begoniaceae; Violales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Kalanchoe; Crassulaceae; Rosales; Hedera; Araliaceae; Apiales; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Compositae; Asterales; Scandinavia; Northern-Europe; Europe CC: FF100; NN300; PP100; FF060 CD: Plant-Production; Farm-and-Horticultural-Structures; Energy; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry PT: Journal-article IS: 0040-7135 UD: 950316 AN: 920316986 CAB Abstracts 1992 53 of 58 TI: Ficus microcarpa L., F. benjamina L. and other species introduced in the New World, their pollinators (Agaonidae) and other fig wasps. AU: Ramirez-B-W; Montero-S-J AD: Escuela de Fitotecnia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica. SO: Revista-de-Biologia-Tropical. 1988, 36: 2B, 441-446; 21 ref. PB: Universidad de Biologia Tropical; San Jose ; Costa Rica PY: 1988 LA: English AB: The invasion is reported of the Old World fig F. microcarpa in the USA, Mexico and Central America by its Old World pollinator Parapristina verticillata. Because of the size of the seedlings growing naturally in Florida, Honduras, and the State of Morelos, Mexico, and the fact that no seedings were found in other parts of Mexico and El Salvador, it is postulated that P. verticillata probably arrived in those areas within the last five years. It is probable the P. verticillata will move south invading all the tropical and subtropical countries where F. microcarpa is planted abundantly. Walkerella [Polynema], a non-pollinating wasp was also found in Brazil and Florida, inhabiting the syconia of F. microcarpa.The syconia of Old World F. benjamina in Costa Rica were found to be pollinated by the New World Pegoscapus tristani, the pollinator of F. padifolia. The syconia of Old World F. religiosa in Miami, Florida, were found to be pollinated by the symbiotic agaonid of the native F. aurea. Hybrid seedlings were found growing naturally. It is suggested that species of Ficus which evolved in different geographic areas (such as islands or continents) could also evolve equally or similarly attracting synomones, which can confuse agaonids and other sycophilous wasps when a species of fig is introduced DE: Broadleaves-; Pollination-; pollinators-; distribution-; geographical-distribution; agricultural-entomology OD: insects-; Ficus-religiosa; Ficus-benjamina; Ficus-; Polynema-; arthropods- GE: USA-; Mexico-; Central-America; Costa-Rica; Florida-; America-; Brazil- ID: Ficus-microcarpa; Ficus-padifolia; Ficus-aurea; Parapristina-verticillata; Walkerella; Pegoscapus-tristani; Agaonidae BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; animals; arthropods; invertebrates; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Mymaridae; Hymenoptera; insects; North-America; America; Central-America; South-Atlantic-States-of-USA; Southern-States-of-USA; USA; Gulf-States-of-USA; Southeastern-States-of-USA; South-America CC: FF060; KK100; FF600; PP710 CD: Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry; Forestry-General; Pests,-Pathogens-and-Biogenic-Diseases-of-Plants; Biological-Resources-Animal PT: Journal-article UD: 950316 AN: 920661332 CAB Abstracts 1992 54 of 58 TI: Testing of different antibiotics against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from plant tissue culture. AU: Kneifel-W; Leonhardt-W AD: Department of Dairy Research and Bacteriology, Agricultural University, 1180 Vienna, Austria. SO: Plant-Cell,-Tissue-and-Organ-Culture. 1992, 29: 2, 139-144; 13 ref. PY: 1992 LA: English AB: Different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria (Staphylococcus xylosus, S. aureus, S. cohnii, Bacillus sp., Corynebacterium sp. and Pseudomonas vesicularis) were isolated from homogenized shoot tips of Drosera rotundifolia, Spathiphyllum sp., Syngonium cv. White Butterfly and Nephrolepis exaltata cv. Teddy Junior. Growth inhibition of selected bacterial strains was examined using 28 different single antibiotics and 7 antibiotic mixtures. Bacterial growth inhibition was most effective with the two mixtures imipenem/ampicillin and imipenem/penicillin G at concentrations of 5 mg/litre each. Because of the lack of toxic effects shown on in vitro cultures of 7 species (the 4 mentioned previously and Musa acuminata, Ficus benjamina and Pinguicula sp.) it is proposed that these antibiotic mixtures could be applied to inhibit bacterial growth in tissue culture. DE: Tissue-culture; shoots-; microorganisms-; in-vitro-culture; responses-; antibiotics-; foliage-plants; contaminants-; ampicillin-; Biotechnology-; ornamental-plants; medicinal-plants OD: Bacteria-; Nephrolepis-exaltata; Spathiphyllum-; Syngonium-; Ficus-benjamina; Pinguicula-; plants-; Musa-acuminata ID: Drosera-rotundifolia; penicillin-G; imipenem RN: 69-53-4; 69-52-3; 7177-48-2 BT: plants; prokaryotes; Nephrolepis; Oleandraceae; ferns; Pteridophyta; Araceae; Arales; monocotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; Lentibulariaceae; Scrophulariales; Musa; Musaceae; Zingiberales CC: FF170; WW000; FF020 CD: in-vitro-Culture-of-Plant-Material; Biotechnology; Plant-Breeding-and-Genetics PT: Journal-article IS: 0167-6857 UD: 950316 AN: 920317549 CAB Abstracts 1992 55 of 58 TI: Reforestation of Kaledong and Haruman Mountains. OT: Penghutanan G. Kaledong dan G. Haruman. AU: Danaatmadja-O AD: Perum Perhutani Unit III, Bandung, Indonesia. SO: Duta-Rimba. 1990, 16: 121-122, 44-49; 7 ref. PY: 1990 LA: Indonesian LS: English AB: An account of reforestation efforts on these mountains in the highly eroded upland catchment area of Cimanuk, in West Java, which have strategic value in sustaining soil and water conservation in the catchment area of the proposed Jatigede reservoir. Species used include Swietenia mahagoni, Eucalyptus deglupta, Schima wallichii, Calliandra calothyrsus, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Ficus benjamina, Spathodea gigantea, Gliricidia maculata [G. sepium], Antidesma bunius, Lagerstroemia speciosa, Albizia procera, Delonix regia, Tamarindus indica, Michelia velutina, Elaeocarpus ganitrus and Hibiscus microphyllus [H. macrophyllus]. DE: Broadleaves-; Afforestation-; watersheds-; Reclamation-; management-; Soil-conservation; Water-conservation; Erosion-control; woody-plants; tamarinds- OD: Swietenia-mahagoni; Eucalyptus-deglupta; Schima-wallichii; Calliandra-calothyrsus; Hibiscus-tiliaceus; Ficus-benjamina; Antidesma-bunius; Lagerstroemia-speciosa; Albizia-procera; Delonix-regia; Tamarindus-indica; Elaeocarpus-ganitrus; Gliricidia-sepium; Hibiscus-macrophyllus GE: Indonesia-; Java- ID: Spathodea-gigantea; Michelia-velutina BT: dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; plants; Swietenia; Meliaceae; Sapindales; Eucalyptus; Myrtaceae; Myrtales; Schima; Theaceae; Theales; Calliandra; Leguminosae; Fabales; Hibiscus; Malvaceae; Malvales; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; Antidesma; Euphorbiaceae; Euphorbiales; Lagerstroemia; Lythraceae; Albizia; Delonix; Tamarindus; Elaeocarpus; Elaeocarpaceae; Gliricidia; South-East-Asia; Asia; Indonesia CC: KK140; PP400; PP210; PP200 CD: Protection-Forestry; Erosion-Soil-and-Water-Conservation; Freshwater-and-Brackish-Water; Water-Resources-General PT: Journal-article IS: 0126-1118 UD: 950316 AN: 920662739 CAB Abstracts 1992 56 of 58 TI: Resource-saving and ecological aspects of using wastewater from eel breeding as a source of nutrients, water, and carbon dioxide for plant production. AU: Jungersen-G; Etnier-C (ed.); Guterstam-B (ed.) AD: Danish Institute for Fisheries Technology and Aquaculture, Agern alle 11, 2970 Horsholm, Denmark. SO: Ecological engineering for wastewater treatment. Proceedings of the International Conference at Stensund Folk College, Sweden, March 24-28, 1991. 1991, 208-215; 3 ref. PB: Bokskogen; Gothenburg; Sweden PY: 1991 LA: English AB: DIFTA, the Danish Institute for Fisheries Technology, formerly the Danish Aquaculture Institute, has been working on a project called "Green Wastewater Treatment" since 1988. The main aim of the project is to investigate the possibilities of using waste water as the basis for production of greenhouse crops. The framework of these experiments is an eel breeding plant, using water recirculation in a 400 m2 commercial greenhouse. The waste water from eel production contains high concn of nutrients, i.e. ÷ 100 mg/litre N and 10-15 mg/litre P, and therefore it is very suitable as a source of water and nutrients for plant production. Waste water from many other sources, especially from animal and vegetable processing, contains similar amounts of N and P. The potential growth, yield and nutrient removal rate have been tested for different spp. of edible and ornamental plants, including tomato (Lycopersicon), maize (Zea mays), Ficus benjamina, Setaria, Cyperus, Geranium [Pelargonium] and Chrysanthemum. The av. annual rates of N and P removal were in the range of 150-200 mg N/m2 per d and 20-40 mg P/m2 per d for tomato plants. The av. water consumption was ÷ 3 litre/m2 per d and 5 litre/m2 per d, resp. Both the quality and the quantity of the plants produced were comparable to results from garden plants, using commercial fertilizer. When integrating intensive fish farming and gardening, the environmental load from the fish farm can be almost eliminated, at the same time that valuable nutrient and water resources are recovered. Moreover, the carbon dioxide produced by the biological filters can be reused to raise the concn of carbon dioxide in the greenhouse, thereby increasing the plant production. Integration of fish breeding and plant production appears to be profitable from an ecological as well as from an economical point of view. DE: Waste-water-treatment; fish-culture; ornamental-plants; production-; horticultural-crops; Tomatoes-; irrigation-; water-; sources-; Chrysanthemums-; protected-cultivation; fertilizers-; Waste-water; maize-; vegetables-; fruit-vegetables; ornamental-herbaceous-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; Pelargonium-; Solanaceae-; Lycopersicon-esculentum; Zea-mays GE: Denmark- ID: Ecological-engineering-for-wastewater-treatment RN: 7732-18-5 BT: plants; ornamental-plants; Spermatophyta; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Geraniaceae; Geraniales; Solanales; Lycopersicon; Solanaceae; Zea; Gramineae; Cyperales; monocotyledons; Scandinavia; Northern-Europe; Europe CC: MM120; FF100; XX700 CD: Aquaculture-Animals; Plant-Production; Biodegradation-Organisms PT: Conference-paper IB: 91-7776-059-X UD: 950316 AN: 921376894 CAB Abstracts 1992 57 of 58 TI: Determination of the physiological state of potted plants and cut flowers by modulated chlorophyll fluorescence. AU: Kooten-O-van; Mensink-M; Otma-E; Doorn-W-van; Van-Kooten-O; Van-Doorn-W AD: Agrotechnological Research Institute, PO Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands. SO: Acta-Horticulturae. 1991, No. 298, 83-91; Hortifroid. Fifth international symposium on postharvest physiology of ornamental plants. Importance of cold in ornamental horticulture, Nice, France, 11-15 Mar. 1991; 11 ref. PY: 1991 LA: English LS: French AB: Ficus benjamina (cv. Exotica), Dieffenbachia picta [D. maculata] (cv. Camilla) and Codiaeum variegatum (cv. Excellent) potted plants were kept in a shaded area (20-50 æmol ppfd m-2 s-1 and 22øC) for 2-4 h, after which chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were made on 6 marked leaves/plant. The plants were then transported to auction (35 min at a minimum temperature of 17ø) and placed in a simulated internal environment (20ø, 60% RH, and 15 æmol ppfd m-2 s-1 for 12 h/day). Marked leaves were measured after 24 h. Plants were then placed at 6 æmol ppfd m-2 s-1 and 15ø for 78 h, after which they were transported in darkness for 24 h. The plants were subsequently stored in a simulated indoor environment and the marked leaves measured after 1 day and 3 weeks. Cut flowering stems of Rosa hybrida (cv. Sonia) were recut and placed in deionized water for 24 h in a simulated indoor environment (20ø, 60% and 15 æmol ppfd m-2 s-1 for 24 h/day). Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements were made at the start and end of this 24-h period. A drought period of 0, 12, 24 or 36 h followed, after which fluorescence measurements were taken and the roses placed in deionized water to recover. Fluorescence was measured again after 24 h, and 6.5 d after the start of the experiment. Transport resulted in a marked decrease in linear electron transport efficiency in D. picta and C. variegatum. However, after 3 weeks in the simulated indoor environment, linear electron transport efficiency recovered significantly in D. picta and slightly in C. variegatum. Transport had less effect on F. benjamina but this species was unable to recover when placed in the simulated indoor environment where linear electron transport efficiency decreased further. Linear electron transport efficiency in cut roses decreased markedly after a 24- or 36-h drought period, but recovered slowly when the roses were placed in water. It is concluded that measurement of the electron transport efficiency by modulated chlorophyll fluorescence is a fast and non-invasive technique to determine the physiological status of plant tissue. DE: Foliage-plants; pot-plants; quality-; assessment-; leaves-; plant-physiology; Chlorophyll-; fluorescence-; Roses-; cut-flowers; water-relations; transport-; ornamental-plants OD: Ficus-benjamina; Dieffenbachia-maculata; Codiaeum-variegatum; Rosa- ID: Hortifroid; International-symposium-on-postharvest-physiology-of-ornamental-plants; Diffenbachia-maculata RN: 1406-65-1 BT: plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta; Dieffenbachia; Araceae; Arales; monocotyledons; Codiaeum; Euphorbiaceae; Euphorbiales; Rosaceae; Rosales CC: SS230; SS200; FF060; FF062 CD: Composition-and-Quality-of-Plant-Products; Agricultural-Products-Plant; Plant-Physiology-and-Biochemistry; Plant-Water-Relations PT: Conference-paper; Journal-article IS: 0567-7572 IB: 90-6605-484-0 UD: 950316 AN: 920318298 CAB Abstracts 1992 58 of 58 TI: In vitro propagation of Ficus benjamina cv. Starlight from axillary buds with BAP and phloroglucinol. AU: Amo-JB-del; Picazo-I; Del-Amo-JB AD: Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain. SO: Gartenbauwissenschaft. 1992, 57: 1, 29-32; 10 ref. PY: 1992 LA: English LS: German AB: Leafless stem sections, 3 cm long with an axillary bud, were cut from 7-year-old plants and cultured on modified MS medium. In the presence of BAP [benzyladenine] (1.0 mg/litre), phloroglucinol (80 mg/litre) and benomyl (50 mg/litre), 86.4% of explants produced shoots, at a rate of 10.3 per explant. Auxins (2,4-D or NAA at 0.1 mg/litre) suppressed shoot formation. After 5-6 weeks, the new shoots were excised and transferred to rooting medium. On basal medium with 1.0 mg IBA/litre, 93.3% of explants formed roots, with an average of 3.6 roots per explant. Rooted plants were transferred to pots, covered with plastic bags for 6 weeks and then moved to the greenhouse. At least 95% survived transplanting. DE: in-vitro-culture; propagation-; micropropagation-; Growth-regulators; benzyladenine-; 2,4-D; NAA-; IBA-; Biotechnology-; Tissue-culture; ornamental-plants; plant-growth-regulators OD: Ficus-benjamina RN: 1214-39-7; 94-75-7; 5742-19-8; 2008-39-1; 3599-58-4; 2569-10-9; 94-11-1; 1929-73-3; 94-80-4; 25168-26-7; 86-87-3; 133-32-4 BT: cytokinins; plant-growth-regulators; phenoxyacetic-herbicides; phenoxy-herbicides; herbicides; pesticides; auxins; plants; Ficus; Moraceae; Urticales; dicotyledons; angiosperms; Spermatophyta CC: FF160; FF170; WW000; FF020 CD: Plant-Propagation; in-vitro-Culture-of-Plant-Material; Biotechnology; Plant-Breeding-and-Genetics PT: Journal-article IS: 0016-478X UD: 950316 AN: 920318453